The gallbladder is one of the most underrated parts of the human body. It is also called the cholecyst. The gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine. Bile is a yellow green fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates that aids in the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. For us humans, bile is mostly made up of water and is produced continuously by the liver. After people eat food, this stored bile is discharged into the first section of the small intestine (called the duodenum) through the amulla of water in the duodenal wall. The gallbladder in human beings is pear shaped and it is found beneath the liver. The structure and position of the gallbladder can very among animal species. The gallbladder gets the bile from the liver via the common hepatic duct, and it stores it. The bile helps in the digestion of fats. The gallbladder has its body, fundus, and neck. It has the foregut, the cystic artery, the cystic vein, and the nerves (of celiac ganglia and vagus nerve). The gallbladder can be affected by gallstones (which is formed by materials that can't be dissolved, usually cholesterol or bilirubin, a product of hemoglobin breakdown. This can cause massive pain in the upper right corner of the abdomen. Some people with this problem will have their gallbladder removed in the procedure of cholecystectomy). The inflammation of the gallbladder called cholecystitis had a wide range of causes like gallstone impaction, infection, and autoimmune disease. The human gallbladder is a hollow gray blue organ. In adults, the gallbladder can be 2.8 to 3.9 inches in length and 1.6 inches in diameter when fully distended. The gallbladder has a volume capacity of about 50 milliliters or 1.8 imperial fluid ounces.
The gallbladder is shaped like a pear, with its tip opening into the cystic duct. The gallbladder is divided into three sections: the fundus, body, and neck. The fundus is the rounded base, angled so that it faces the abdominal wall. The body lies in a depression in the surface of the lower liver. The neck tapers and is continuous with the cystic duct, part of the biliary tree. The gallbladder fossa, against which the fundus and body of the gallbladder lie, is found beneath the junction of hepatic segments IVB and V. The cystic duct unites with the common hepatic duct to become the common bile duct. At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct, there is an out-pouching of the gallbladder wall forming a mucosal fold known as "Hartmann's pouch." Lymphatic drainage of the gallbladder follows the cystic node, which is located between the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. Lymphatics from the lower part of the organ drain into lower hepatic lymph nodes. All the lymph finally drains into celiac lymph nodes. The gallbladder wall is composed of a number of layers. The innermost surface of the gallbladder wall is lined by a single layer of columnar cells with a brush border of microvilli, very similar to intestinal absorptive cells. Underneath the epithelium is an underlying lamina propria, a muscular layer, an outer perimuscular layer and serosa. Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal tract, the gallbladder does not have a muscularis mucosae, and the muscular fibers are not arranged in distinct layers.
The inner portion of the gallbladder wall (the mucosa) consists of a lining of a single layer of columnar cells which possess small hair-like attachments called microvilli. This sits on a thin layer of connective tissue, the lamina propria. The mucosa is curved and collected into tiny outpouchings called rugae. There are indentations of the inner wall mucosa known as Luschka's crypts. A muscular layer sits beneath the mucosa. This is formed by smooth muscle, with fibers that lie in longitudinal, oblique and transverse directions, and are not arranged in separate layers. The muscle fibers here contract to expel bile from the gallbladder. A distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses, deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the muscular layer, and which indicate adenomyomatosis. The muscular layer is surrounded by a layer of connective and fat tissue. The outer layer of the fundus of gallbladder, and the surfaces not in contact with the liver, are covered by a thick serosa, which is exposed to the peritoneum. The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics. The surfaces in contact with the liver are covered in connective tissue
Hormones are one of the most important parts of the human body and health in general. They have been used, researched, and known for a long time. What are hormones? In essence, hormones are chemical messengers that coordinate different functions in the human body by carrying messages through the blood to organs, skin, muscles, and other tissues. Many glands, organs, and tissues make and release hormones, many of which made up the endocrine system. Hormones are powerful chemicals. They can give signals to tell your body about what to do. Hormones are very vital for life and human health. Scientists have found over 50 hormones in the human body so far. Hormones and most of the tissues (many glands) that create and release them control different bodily processes like metabolism, homeostasis (or constant internal balance like blood pressure, blood sugar regulation, fluid or water and electrolyte balance plus body temperature), growth and development, sexual function, reproduction, sleep-wake cycle, and mood. Hormones can change the human body massively even if minor changes in the level exist. That is why people with certain conditions need medical treatment. A hormone will only act on a part of the body if it fits or if the cells in the target tissue have receptors that receive the message of the hormone. A hormone is like a key and the cells of its target tissue like an organ and fat tissue are specially shaped locked. If the hormone fits the lock or receptor on the cell wall, then it will work. That means that the hormone will deliver a message that causes the target site to take a specific action. The human body uses hormones for two types of communication. The first type is communication between two endocrine glands: One gland releases a hormone, which stimulates another gland to change the levels of hormones that it’s releasing. An example of this is the communication between your pituitary gland and thyroid. Your pituitary gland releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which triggers your thyroid gland to release its hormones, which then affect various aspects of your body. The second type of communication is between an endocrine gland and a target organ. An example of this is when your pancreas releases insulin, which then acts on your muscles and liver to help process glucose. Specialized glands make up the endocrine system and release most of the hormones in the body.
A gland is an organ that makes one or more substances like hormones, digestive juices, sweat, or tears. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream. The endocrine system has the many of the glands of hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Other body tissues that release hormones are adipose tissue (fat tissue), kidneys, liver, gut (the gastrointestinal tract), and placenta. The ovaries in women can produce estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. Men with testes can produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. Many tissues and organs can produce a diversity of hormones like the pineal gland producing the hormone melatonin, which helps control the sleep/wake cycle. The placenta can produce hormones of estrogen and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy. The placenta is a temporary organ that develops in a woman's uterus during her pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to a developing fetus. Testosterone is an endogen that is primarily produced in the testes in men and ovaries in women. It can increase libido (among men and women), develop muscle growth, grow protein synthesis, bone density, facial hair growth, deepening of the voice, increased body hair, and increase red blood cell production. Low levels of it can be attributed to fatigue, depression, weight gain, and reduced sexual function. Estrogen is produced mostly in the ovaries with smaller amounts in the testes and adrenal glands. Estrogen is vital for regulating the menstrual cycle, helps to develop fetal development, maintaining healthy cholesterol levels, and bone health in both sexes. Estrogen drives breast development by stimulating the growth of milk ducts and fat accumulation in breast tissue. This process starts in puberty and continues through menstruation, pregnancy, and lactation, with different hormones (like progesterone) maturing glands for potential milk production. Low levels of estrogen can cause brittle bones, vaginal dryness in women, and moodiness. As men and women age, testosterone and estrogen decline causing menopausal symptoms in women and andropause related symptoms in men.
Many people have hormone issues by medical conditions. For most hormones, if someone has too much or too little, it can cause symptoms and issues with your health. Such imbalances require treatment often. Some hormone related conditions are diabetes, thyroid disease, PCOS, infertility (among both men and women), obesity, etc. Hormonal imbalances can be caused by tumors, adenomas, abnormal growth, damage or injury to an endocrine gland, autoimmune conditions, and heredity gene mutations (that cause a problem with the structure and function of an endocrine gland). Doctors can diagnose and treat hormone conditions. That is why healthcare providers are crucial for people who have hormonal imbalances.
It has been a year so far for us in 2026. A lot of unexpected occurrences have transpired from the kidnapping and jailing of Maduro to the continued protests in Iran. Indeed 2025 had many controversial events, but 2026 is even more important than last years. The reason is that we have midterms coming up that will deal with the composition of the United States House and the United States Senate. Also, we realize that the Trump regime has used ICE to make more control and authoritarianism in society. On video, ICE has been caught acting aggressive in Minneapolis and in other places of America (from California to Maine) to harass journalists, assault protesters and one political leader (caught on tape), illegally detain U.S. citizens, placed a 5 year old child in a detention camp (a judge ordered the government to release the child and her father), and kill U.S. citizens without any accountability so far. Some far right extremists, Hoteps, and agents said that this issue is not our issue as black Americans. They are wrong for many reasons. One reason is that a threat to justice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere as said by the late Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In other words, if they were use unjust actions against immigrants and U.S. citizens, that is an attack on our freedom too. The second reason is that such actions by ICE and DHS is against the Golden Rule or treating our neighbors like we would want to be treated. There is absolutely no excuse for a city council member to be assaulted by an ICE agent in Minneapolis, for innocent protesters to be sprayed with dangerous chemicals, and for human beings to be killed by ICE plus be classified as "domestic terrorists" by MAGA extremists. Many of these agents (who claim to be "independent" and outside of the 2 party system and some of them don't care about people being oppressed) embrace a xenophobic, selfish mentality that it won't harm me. That is a lie as U.S. citizens including black people have already been detained before. Now, Trump wants ICE to go into Ohio to target Haitian Americans (even those with legal status), so this is a threat to all of us, not just some people. What is worse than Trump are committed Trump supporters including Tulsi Gabbard, Nicki Minaj, Kid Rock, Steve Bannon, Amber Rose, Sylvester Stallone, Jon Voight, etc. Throughout over a year of a tyrant in the White House (during his second term), these Trump supporters still show allegiance to him unconditionally. These brainwashed souls care more for idolizing a racist, sexist, and xenophobic male than honor true democratic freedoms plus justice for all. Trump and his team want to gather voter rolls illegally, so they can try to prevent who they disagree with from voting. This is a wicked agenda which is more than xenophobia. It is about harming our elections and being authoritarian in general.
For a long time, many white racists want to say the n word in public with impunity. Yet, with our strength as black people, we have made it clear that the n word has no place to be spoken by non-black people. We shouldn't tolerate anyone calling our parents the n word, so no black person should be called that world. The goal of the enemy is the destruction of humanity via population control (as advocated by the Club of Rome), centralization of wealth, and the promotion of oligarchy (as promoted by the Pilgrim Society, the Bilderbergers, the RIIA, etc.). They or the super wealthy elites a have special hatred of us black people, because we are the exact blueprint (no one is better than us), we are the first humans, and we are the full representation of the refutation of the lie of white superiority. Everyone knows that when we are given freedom to express our independence, we excel internationally from athletics to politics, teaching, and beyond. One of the slickest deceptions that they (or Trump supporters, many in the one percent, far right people, etc.) use is to claim the blasphemy that God approves of their actions. In reality, God never approves of poisoning our water and food, claiming that one person in the White House has immunity to do what he wants, and to permit racial oppression and economic oppression in the world. We live in a crossroads in these latter days. We have to continue on the path to save lives by defending our environment, building institutions that we control, and be on the path of goodness.
The music of the 1950s had many dynamic developments. It was a transitional time after the peak of swing. Jazz was popular, but the 1950s saw the rise of the modern day teenager culture. Back in the day, there was childhood and adulthood without much teen culture. After World War II, teenager culture grew involving clothes, music, slang, and other aspects of living. Rock and Roll was born in its infancy by the 1950s. There was a shift from big band pop to faster, rhythm driven sounds. There was the mainstream showing of R&B music or rhythm and blues. There was the 45 RPM records and the electric guitar's dominance. Rock and Roll was promoted by DJ Alan Freed. Back in the day, critics of rock and roll viewed it as too violent, too sexual, and dangerous to kids which was ironically the criticism made by some against hardcore hip hop music decades later. The 1950s had louder sounding guitars. There were pop and jazz artists dominating the decade too with artists like Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, etc. There was the early soul artist Ray Charles showing songs and country music growing with artists like Hank Williams. Chuck Berry released the song Johnny B. Goode, Elvis Presley grown in the scene with songs like Heartbreak Hotel, and Buddy Holly had the song That'll Be The Day. Fats Domino had the song Blueberry Hill. The artist Little Richard (who is one of the innovators of rock and roll. He helped out the Beatles, James Brown, Jimi Hendrix, The Rolling Stones, and so many other artists) released the song Tutti Frutti, which was controversial during that time. Little Richard became a born-again Christian before died. Little Richard started tons of trends in rock and roll that he called himself the Originator of Rock and Roll. The 1950s saw a change to modern pop music from traditional pop music. Artists like Jerry Lee Lewis, Ritchie Valens, Larry Williams, The Platters, Dion and the Belmonts, Frankie Lymon, The Flamingos, The Del-Vikings, and other artists existed. Many artists promoted doo-wop music or a type of R&B music. Sam Cooke and James Brown in the 1950s grown the soul music culture too. Jazz was popular with bebop, hard bop, modal jazz, and cool jazz with artists like Miles Davis, Dave Brubeck, Thelonious Monk, Bill Evans, Jon Coltrane, and Chet Baker. We saw bossa nova from Brazil, and other Latin styles like mambo, salsa, and merengue.
Music in the 1960s had some of the most revolutionary times of musical expression. The 1960s changed everything music wise and culturally. It was the decade when the Civil Rights Movement, the Women's Rights Movement, the Sexual Revolution, the Drug Revolution, etc. reached into another level. There was the rise of Motown with some of the greatest black musicians in history like The Supremes, the Temptations, Marvin Gaye, the Jackson 5, Smokey Robinson, Martha Reeves, etc. Also, there was Stax Records showing the artist Otis Redding too. There was the British Invasion filled with The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, the Animals, and other artists. These UK bands shown rock and roll with their own style. Rock and Roll evolved from the early 1960s having more conservative rock bands to more revolutionary styles by the mid to late 1960s with groups like Bob Dylan, Cream, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Jefferson Airplane, and other people. There was the rise of folk, soul, and psychedelic rock and roll movie. By the 1960s, more artists sang about political issues like The Impressions (with Curtis Mayfield) talking about civil rights, Bob Dyland talking about civil rights, and Pete Seeger opposing the Vietnam War. This time saw the rise of conceptual, cohesive modern-day albums like the Beatles with their Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. There were compact cassettes allowed fans of music to have more access to songs. There were music festivals like the 1967 Newport Jazz Festival, the 1969 Woodstock Festival, and the 1969 Harlem Music Festival (which was shown in a recent documentary filled with groups like The Fifth Dimension, Aretha Franklin, etc.). The 1960s saw new forms of pop music, Jamaican music, and Cuban music. There were electronic guitars being played.
Massry Arias is a professional fitness coach who was born in 1990 at the Dominican Republic. She is also a health coach with 2.5 million followers on Instagram. Also, she has fans from across the globe that are inspired by her to exercise. She has shared her resiliency and her story in struggling with depression. Later, she started her fitness journey back in 2012. She lives in Los Angeles, California now. She wanted to use her emotional intelligence and being opened minded to improve her life. She did the things that she is doing because she wants to do it voluntarily and to help other human lives. She has taught her daughter Indira Sarai Williams (who is of black and Latina descent) that values of treating people as human beings. She is the CEO of Tru Supplements.
Gerlind Anagho is the founder of Fitness With Femininity. She wants to empower and teach women the ways to remain in shape. Her goal in her movement to bridge the gender disparity in the health and wellness industry. She wants women to take control of their physical and mental well-being. She believes in equality, inclusivity, and empowerment in daily life. She wants to give women the resources to live better lives. There is nothing wrong with women involving themselves in fitness among their own spaces. Gerlind Anagho is an American Council of Exercise certified fitness trainer and health enthusiast. She has programs that deal with fat loss, geriatric training, pre and postpartum, and has online Afrobeats Zumba classes. Her programs help to develop the confidence and inner strength for women.
The 83rd Golden Globes Awards show took place on CBS and Paramount+ on January 11, 2026, at the Beverly Hilton. Nikki Glaser hosted the show for the 2nd consecutive year. The awards show celebrated excellence in film and American television productions of the previous year. The nominations were announced on December 8, 2025, by actors Skye P. Marshall and Marlon Wayans. For the first time, the Globes honored podcasts in the Best Podcast category. With a leading 9 nominations, including five for acting, One Battle After Another became the 6th film of any genre to receive at least one acting bid across the four acting categories in the event's history. Sentimental Value received the second-most in film with 8 nominations, followed by Sinners with 7. Additionally, The White Lotus led the television nominations with 6, followed by Adolescence with 5. After being untelevised in the previous year, the two Lifetime Achievement Awards (the Cecil B. DeMille Award and the Carol Burnett Award) were presented during an hour-long primetime special, titled "Golden Eve", which aired on January 8, 2026 (though the event took place two days before broadcast), also at the Beverly Hilton, on CBS at 8 p.m. PT/ET and also livestreamed on Paramount+ Premium. Paramount+ Essential subscribers were not able to watch the event live; however, they were able to access it on demand the following day. The Cecil B. DeMille Award was presented to Helen Mirren, with the Carol Burnett Award given to Sarah Jessica Parker. Harrison Ford presented Mirren with her Cecil B. DeMille Award, with a guest appearance made by last year's honoree Viola Davis; Parker was joined by the Carol Burnett Award previous year's winner Ted Danson. According to entertainment news website Showbiz411, the special had a ratings of 2 million viewers. On January 9, 2026, Deadline Hollywood reported that the presentation of the award for Best Original Score would be cut from the telecast as a result of time constraints. The winner was announced during the ceremony, but instead of being seen on CBS' linear broadcast, it was publicly revealed online; a clip of the win was captured and shared digitally, including with media and was distributed across all Globes platforms as well as the Golden Globes website. This decision was criticized by social media users and nominee Hans Zimmer, with the latter calling it "ignorant."
Wagner Moura won Best Male Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama winner. Jessie Buckley won Best Female Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama winner. Timothée Chalamet won Best Male Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy winner. Rose Byrne won Best Female Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy winner. Stellan Skarsgård won Best Supporting Male Actor winner. Teyana Taylor won Best Supporting Female Actor winner. Noah Wyle won Best Male Actor in a Television Series – Drama winner. Rhea Seehorn won Best Female Actor in a Television Series – Drama winner. Seth Rogen won Best Male Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy winner. Jean Smart won Best Female Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy winner. Stephen Graham won Best Male Actor in a Limited Series, Anthology Series, or Motion Picture Made for Television winner. Michelle Williams won Best Female Actor in a Limited Series, Anthology Series, or Motion Picture Made for Television winner. Erin Doherty won Best Supporting Female Actor in a Series, Limited Series, Anthology Series, or Motion Picture Made for Television winner. Ricky Gervais won Best Stand-Up Comedian on Television winner. Amy Poehler won Best Podcast winner. Best Motion Picture Drama was chosen as Hamnet. The Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy) is One Battle After Another. The Best Motion Picture Animated series was KPop Demon Hunters. The Best Motion Picture (Non-English Language) is The Secret Agent from Brazil. The Best Director and Best Screenplay was won by Paul Thomas Anderson of the film One Battle After Another. Best Original Score was won by Ludwig Goransson of the film Sinners. The Cinematic and Box Office Achievement Award went to Sinners. The Best Original Song was one by KPop Demon Hunters (Ejae, Mark Sonnenblick, Ido, 24, and Teddy) of the song Golden.
As for television, Best Television Series (Drama) went to The Pitt on HBO Max. The Best Television Series (Musical or Comedy) went to The Studio from Apple TV. The Best Male Actor in a Television Series (Drama) is Noah Wyle in The Pitt. The Best Female Actor in a Television Series (Drama) was Rhea Seehorn from the show Pluribus (in Apple TV). The Best Male Actor in a Television Series (Musical or Comedy) was Seth Rogen (The Studio). The Best Female Actor in a Television Series (Musical or Comedy) was Jean Smart of Hacks from HBO Max. Stephen Graham, Owen Cooper, and Erin Doherty won awards too. The presenters were Jennifer Garner, Amanda Seyfried, Priyanka Chopra Jonas, Snoop Dogg, Pamela Anderson, Jennifer Lopez, Kevin Hart, Queen Latifah, Ayo Edebiri, Marlon Wayans, Adam Scott, Colman Domingo, Julia Roberts, George Clooney, Don Cheadle, and other human beings.
One new paternal 5th cousin that I knew has been Pastor Leroy Rod Trower of Florida. He was born on February 10, 1969, at Northampton County, Virginia (which is in the Eastern Shore). Pastor Leroy Rod Trower is a father, a person who makes cakes, and a person who has recently married to a woman. His mother is Johannah Trower Johnson (b. 1952). Pastor Leroy Rod Trower have many children like her daughter Christina M. Trower who was born on October 1, 1993 in Bell, Texas. His parents are Curtis Johnson Sr. and Roxie A. Trower Duncan (1928-2022). The parents of Roxie A. Trower Duncan were Milton Norwood Trower (1909-1981) and Carrie Bernice Satchell (1910-1979). The parents of Carrie Bernice Satchell are John Satchell (b. 1882) and Ethel Kelly (b. 1885). The parents of Ethel Kelly (b. 1885) were George Kelly (b. 1830) and Easter Perkins (1840-1910). The parents of Easter Perkins were my 4th great grandparents George Perkins I (b. 1815) and Esther Perkins (b. 1816).
By Timothy