Bush and Clinton.

By the 1990’s, a new technological revolution has taken place involving computers and the Internet.  This situation was decades in the making. Throughout the 20th century, technological developments advanced quickly. Globalization transformed the U.S. economy too. Orville Wright flew the airplane in 1903. International jet travel involving civilian passengers came about after World War II. Human beings came on the Moon in 1969. The modern computer existed by 1946. The World War II events (from atomic research to radar systems) inspired new inventions to form. Universities and colleges created faster computers. IBM created one of the first commercial computers by 1964. As time went onward, the microchip, the microprocessor, and personal computers became more commonplace. Silicon Valley was one major hub of such inventions. At first, very few people owned personal computers. It was a hobby for some to own one. By the 1980’s, corporations, labs, and ordinary people used personal computers daily. Computer technology influenced the development of video games, cell phones, and other electronic devices. Entrepreneurs worked with the computer advancement situation like Michael Dell, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and others. Steve Jobs was involved with Apple, and Bill Gates focused on Microsoft for a number of years. Jeff Bezos’s Amazon.com ushered buying and selling goods to millions of Americans. The paradox is that many of these entrepreneurs want profit, and debates about competition plus their global influence would exist among their organizations. These leaders amassed massive wealth and power from these new technologies (just like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller did long ago). Computer technology and modern medicine has helped to treat diseases, extend human lives, and reduced pain. We have artificial hearts and organ transplants. There is biotechnology and agricultural growth in America. Less people work on farms because of new technology and more people living in urban communities. The communication involving advanced technology has grown in the 1990’s. By the 1990’s, the Internet, email, cellphones, and other messaging systems became very common in the Information Age.

Many people have more access to communication simultaneously than ever before. Now, we have Skype where people, who live in different continents, can speak to each other. Likewise, many corporations dominate mainstream media services as monopolies dominate the corporate media. Now, microchips are on people and animals. Satellites have grown technological communication too. Television services and cellphones rely on satellites on many cases. Ted Turner promoted a satellite to spread CNN. Satellites were once Cold War inventions, and now it is used by private individuals. The Internet was created long before 1990’s. The U.S. government had Internet services back in the 1960’s. The Internet was modernized by the World Wide Web in 1990. The Internet spread from the places of universities to the homes of people worldwide. By the 1990’s, the Internet outlined information simultaneously internationally. Commerce, education, research, and entertainment are all enhanced by the Internet. The Internet has a database and email can connect people in rural and urban communities. This new technological revolution changed the economy from more industrial to more service economy. Globalization caused economies, cultures, and politics to be more integrated. The catch is that union membership has declined over the course of decades, and previous industrial jobs were readily eliminated or shipped overseas. Globalization caused multinational corporations to have massive power. The corporations can create plants in multiple countries, have lax wages, and still make large profits at the expense of the working class people. That is a problem. Computer technology increased the need for STEM related jobs or service jobs. E-commerce can allow a person to buy a product online from the Internet, and the product can be sent to that person’s home in a matter of weeks or days. Service workers are research analysts, doctors, lawyers, cops, professional athletes, and other people. Some are paid low wages and some are paid high wages. The costs of globalization are lower unions, farm organization declines, and manufacturing jobs being lost. That is why investments are needed to help people adjust and to have true economic justice.


The 1992 United States Presidential election was one of the most important elections of American history. It had many major candidates like Bill Clinton, George H. W. Bush, and Ross Perot desiring the White House. President George H. W. Bush during this time dealt with a recession and resistance from conservatives by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes. The Republicans challenged George H. W. Bush for the Republican nomination. Their names are Pat Buchannan, David Duke, Jack Fellure, Pat Paulsen, and Harold Stassen. Pat Buchannan is a Knight of Malta and a known critic of President George H. W. Bush. Bush won the New Hampshire primary on February 18, 1992 with a 53-38% margin. President Bush won 73% of all primary votes, with 9,199,463 votes. Buchanan won 2,899,488 votes; unpledged delegates won 287,383 votes, and David Duke, a former Republican Louisiana state representative and Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan won 119,115 votes. Just over 100,000 votes were cast for all other candidates, half of which were write-in votes for H. Ross Perot. Former Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen who had run for President 9 times since 1944 also mounted his final campaign. President George H. W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle easily won re-nomination by the Republican Party. The conservatives forced Bush to move to the right during the 1992 Presidential campaign. Many socially conservative planks were in the 1992 Republican Party platform.

Bush allowed Buchanan to give the keynote address at the Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas, and Pat Buchannan's culture war speech alienated many moderates. Vice President Dan Quayle was re-nominated by a voice vote. The Democratic Party nomination was much more diverse and tense at times. The Democratic candidates who ran for President in 1992 were the following people: Jerry Brown, Paul Tsongas, Bob Kerrey, Tom Harkin, Douglas Wilder, Eugene McCarthy, and Larry Agran. After the Persian Gulf War, Bush’s approval ratings existed at 89 percent. Mario Cuomo and Jesse Jackson refused to seek the Democratic nomination. Yet, other candidates ran. Tom Harkin of Iowa was a popular liberal with labor union support. Former U.S. Senator Paul Tsongas (Massachusetts) highlighted his political independence and fiscal conservatism. Former California Governor Jerry Brown, who had run for the Democratic nomination in 1976 and 1980 while he was still Governor, declared a significant reform agenda, including Congressional term limits, campaign finance reform, and the adoption of a flat income tax. Nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey was a candidate based on his business and military background, but made several gaffes on the campaign trail. Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton called himself a New Democrat or a centrist. Bill Clinton wasn't a progressive on every issue. Some people didn't know that. He was known for talking about the Gennifer Flowers situation where Flowers accused Bill Clinton of having an affair with her. Bill Clinton appeared with Hillary Clinton on 60 minutes to deny the affair. Tom Harkin won the Iowa primary.


Paul Tsongas of Massachusetts won the New Hampshire primary on February 18, 1992, but Clinton's second-place finish, helped by his speech labeling himself "The Comeback Kid," energized his campaign. Jerry Brown won the Maine caucus and Bob Kerrey won South Dakota. Clinton won his first primary in Georgia. Tsongas won the Utah and Maryland primaries and a caucus in Washington. Harkin won caucuses in Idaho and Minnesota while Jerry Brown won Colorado. Bob Kerrey dropped out two days later. Clinton won the South Carolina and Wyoming primaries and Tsongas won Arizona. Harkin dropped out. Jerry Brown won the Nevada caucus. Clinton swept nearly all of the Super Tuesday primaries on March 10 making him the solid front runner. Clinton won the Michigan and Illinois primaries. Tsongas dropped out after finishing 3rd in Michigan. Jerry Brown, however, began to pick up steam, aided by using a 1–800 number to receive funding from small donors. Brown scored surprising wins in Connecticut, Vermont and Alaska. As the race moved to the primaries in New York and Wisconsin, Brown had taken the lead in polls in both states. Then he made alienated many people by announcing to an audience of New York City's Jewish community that, if nominated, he would consider Reverend Jesse Jackson as a vice presidential candidate. Clinton won dramatically in New York (41%–26%) and closely in Wisconsin (37%–34%). Clinton then proceeded to win a long streak of primaries leading up to Jerry Brown's home state of California. Clinton won this primary 48% to 41% and secured the delegates needed to clinch the nomination. Bill Clinton and Jerry Brown didn’t like each other back then. Both of them accused each other of corruption and nefarious dealings. It was personal, and Bill Clinton won the Democratic nomination. Clinton chose U.S. Senator Al Gore (D-Tennessee) to be his running mate on July 9, 1992. Choosing fellow Southerner Gore went against the popular strategy of balancing a Southern candidate with a Northern partner. Gore did serve to balance the ticket in other ways, as he was perceived as strong on family values and environmental issues, while Clinton was not. Also, Gore's similarities to Clinton allowed him to push some of his key campaign themes, such as centrism and generational change. Ross Perot announced his candidacy and wanted to cut the national debt. He was from Texas and he opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA. He had major support in the 1992 election. Andre Marrou ran on the Libertarian ticket with. Lenora Fulani led the New Alliance Party. John Hagelin ran on the Natural Law Party. Howard Phillips ran on the U.S. Taxpayers’ Party as a conservative. Bo Gritz was on the Populist Party and he was a far right conservative.

George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Ross Perot debated each other, and they wanted votes. At first, Perot was leading the race. Between, Bush and Clinton, at first, Bush was leading Clinton in early 1992. As the economy has gotten worse, Clinton’s popularity increased. Many Democrats supported Bill Clinton. Clinton gave his acceptance speech on July 16, 1992, promising to bring a "new covenant" to America, and to work to heal the gap that had developed between the rich and the poor during the Reagan/Bush years. The Clinton campaign received the biggest convention "bounce" in history which brought him from 25 percent in the spring, behind Bush and Perot, to 55 percent versus Bush's 31 percent. Clinton and Gore used a bus tour to travel America. Bush and Quayle called Clinton as an adulterer and a draft dodger. The Bush campaign said that the success of Desert Storm and causing the end of the Cold War would make him capable of re-election. Clinton’s polling increased caused George H. W. Bush to try to appeal to right wing conservatives for votes. Buchanan accused Clinton of being far left when obviously Clinton is a centrist. The campaign continued with a lopsided lead for Clinton through September, until Ross Perot decided to re-enter the race. Ross Perot's re-entry in the race was welcome by the Bush campaign, as Fred Steeper, a poll taker for Bush, said, "He'll be important if we accomplish our goal, which is to draw even with Clinton."  Perot’s role in the debates increased his poll numbers. Bush’s numbers remained the same and Clinton’s numbers declined. Clinton won all of the debates. Bill Clinton’s character was questioned by Perot and Bush. Clinton talked about marijuana, the Vietnam War, etc. Bill Clinton won the election to be the President of the United States having 43 percent of the popular vote against Bush’s 37.5% and Perot's 18.9%. It was the first time since 1968 that a candidate won the White House with under 50% of the popular vote. Only Washington, D.C. and Clinton's home state of Arkansas gave the majority of their votes to a single candidate in the entire country; the rest were won by pluralities of the vote. Even though Clinton roughly received 3.1 million more votes than Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis had four years earlier, the Democrats recorded a 2.6 percentage point decrease in their share of the popular vote compared to 1988 due to the higher turnout. His 43% share of the popular vote was the second-lowest for any winning candidate in the 20th century after Woodrow Wilson in 1912 (41.8%). President Bush's 37.5% was the lowest percentage total for a sitting president seeking re-election since William Howard Taft, also in 1912 (23.2%). The election was the most recent in which Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate, the last time the state of Florida backed the losing candidate, and the last time that Colorado voted Democratic until 2008.

The 1992 election was also the first time since Texas' admission to the Union in 1845 that a Democrat won the White House without winning the state, and the second time a Democrat won the White House without North Carolina (the first was 1844), and the second time since Florida's admission (also in 1845) that a Democrat won without winning the state (John F. Kennedy in 1960 was the first). Clinton was also the only Democrat at that point to win every electoral vote in the Northeast except for Lyndon Johnson in 1964. Every Democrat since Clinton has repeated this result, except for Al Gore, who narrowly lost New Hampshire in 2000, and Hillary Clinton, who lost Pennsylvania and Maine's second congressional district in 2016. Also, this was the first time since 1964 that many states voted Democratic, such as California, Colorado, Illinois, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, and Vermont. Bill Clinton won because of many reasons. The economy slowed down. Clinton united the Democratic Party when its different wings were in conflict. Clinton gained support among moderate and conservative Democrats by slandering Sister Souljah (who is an author, activist, and hip hop artist). Clinton supported the death penalty and wanted school uniforms in public schools by force. He believed in affirmative action and he was pro-choice. Clinton’s election ended the Republican Party controlling the White House after 12 consecutive years. Bill Clinton would be the first Democratic President since Franklin D. Roosevelt to serve two full terms in the White House. The 1992 election made the Democratic Party dominant in the Northeast, the Great Lakes region (until 2016, and the West Coast. Previously, many of those states were swing states or Republican leaning). California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, some of Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, and Vermont remained Democratic ever since 1992. Bill Clinton accused George H. W. Bush of using policies that wanted the rich to be richer to the detriment of everyone else. Bush didn’t felt self-pity after the loss, but he was hurt temporarily. African Americans voted heavily for Bill Clinton. Bill Clinton was a New Democrat or a moderate. He wanted to reconcile liberal and conservative views. He believed in a strong national defense, tough on crime policies, welfare reform, free trade, and closer ties with corporations. Clinton had liberal positions on other issues too. A new chapter would develop.




One of the greatest subjects to study is geography. The greatness of geography is that it is a field of science that studies the Earth’s topographical features, people, and its total components in general. It also involves the study of the Moon and other planets. Geography is complex too. There can be no study of geography without understanding the diversity found in the human race. You have to love people to learn geography fully as geography deals with sociology plus the comprehension of world cultures. When you learn about the flow of rivers or streams that relates to geography. When you study geopolitics and various populations, these items involve geography. Therefore, geography is never monolithic. It is very widespread in scope. Physical geography is about the knowledge of plants, biosphere, flora, and fauna of the Earth. The concepts of meteorology, the environment, landscapes, and oceanography all encompass physical geography as well. Human geography is geared to research the lives of human beings. Culture, history, geopolitics, population geography, sociology, religion, tourism, transportation, urban geography, and other concepts all are a part of human geography. In real life, every class that I took in college involving geography, I have enjoyed greatly. So, this subject is a fun one to research. Maps, geographers, and other facets of life enrich us in many ways. That is why geography is important, because the more that we understand about the Earth, the better that we can improve it. With climate change and various issues in the world, we certainly need more collaboration in solving global or international problems. Geography is very important. From studying the seven continents of planet Earth to witnessing the applications of geography in everyday life, I truly love geography.



When I think about Emmanuel Macron, I think that he is a deceiving neoliberal masquerading as a progressive. We know that Marine Le Pen is an extremist and doesn’t need to lead France politically. Likewise, it is important to issue a poignant critique of Emmanuel Macron. More and more people understand Macron’s real story. He was a former investment banker and economics minister in the government of President Francois Hollande. Angela Merkel and Barack Obama support him. Macron is loved by the establishment since he promotes their goal of global capital running amok in the world. Macron has passed anti-labor legislation which caused the rise of the progressive yellow vest movement. Macron agrees with the further privatization of health care and education in France, and we have to know of these things. He is the ultimate hypocrite by lecturing Africans about civilization, but France has a known imperialistic history of stealing resources from Africa for centuries. Some scapegoat immigrants in France via xenophobic, racist rhetoric when the Germanic Franks didn’t originate from France. The Franks came from Germany as they are a Germanic ethnic group. The Celts lived in France centuries before the Frankish people. Therefore, we have to look at history and truth. The world is a multicultural place, and we reject hypocrites. We must expose far right, xenophobic extremists like Marine Le Pen and neoliberal compromisers like Emmanuel Macron too. France is a nation with a long history. In our time, more people want revolutionary change and justice. 

By Timothy