It is no secret that anti-immigration views, and nativism are related to racism and eugenics. I have studied this topic for years. Over a century ago, the Chinese Exclusion Act was an xenophobic law that wanted no Chinese people to come into America. The various laws of the 1920's, didn't want immigrants from Southern Europe and other places to come to America. Trump's immigration ban is the direct fruit of the racism found in America for centuries. As we know, the anti-immigrant Federation for American Immigration Reform has been caught receiving its start up money from the nonprofit Pioneer Fund (which has a long history of promoting eugenics and racism). The Pioneer Fund also aid researchers who push the myth of white genetic superiority. Even the Southern Poverty Law Center and the ADL has condemned FAIR and the Pioneer Fund for advancing hateful, racist views. Eugenics is the belief that there are superior and inferior genes. Therefore, it is the belief that certain people must have children to increase the chance of having "superior" genes than inferior genes. Many eugenicists believe that white people are superior to black people. That is false. Eugenics, forced sterilization, forced incarceration, and other evil actions were once legal in many American states like Indiana, North Carolina, even California, etc. The Nazis were well known advocates of eugenics. That is why the Nazis used the Nuremberg Laws to promote both racism and eugenics. The Pioneer Fund promoted eugenics based laws for decades in America. That is why the Nazi Nuremberg Laws were influenced by the American-based eugenics laws. Political leaders like Henry Cabot Lodge believed that Anglo-Saxons were the superior "stock." Theodore Roosevelt and especially Woodrow Wilson embrace eugenics/racist tenets. E.A. Ross and John R. Commons promoted the lie of the inferior intellectual capacity of racial/ethnic minorities. Madison Grant with his The Passing of the Great Race and Lorthrop Stoddard's The Rising Tide of Color were overt racists and eugenicists. These wicked ideologies grew nativist thought and the anti-immigrant movement that we witness today. The truth is that regardless of one's color or nationality, all humans are created equal by God. There are geniuses and great people among the spectrum of the human race. Nazis wanted to grow the population of North European descent and decrease the population of Jewish people and people of color. The racist 1924 Immigration and Restriction Act reduced immigration from people who came from Eastern Europe, Russia, Jewish people, and other places of the world. Calvin Coolidge believed in this 1924 law. Henry Hamilton Laughlin promoted eugenics. John Tanton and Peter Brimelow are extremists. John Tanton recently died. Tanton believed in radical population control too. NumbersUSA, VDare, and other extremists promote even reduction of legal immigration. Daniel Okrent's book entitled, "The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law that Kept Two Generation of Jews, Italians and Other European Immigrants Out of America" exposes the racist, eugenic character of the 1924 anti-immigrant law. Today, Trump wants a wall built on Mexico. Trump questioned a Mexican American judge's bias involving an immigration case (which is the textbook definition of racism). Trump's rhetoric has saw an increase of hate crimes against immigrants, Muslims, black people, Jewish people, Asian people, etc. since 2016.
Today, we have a reactionary ADOS movement. The ADOS movement is strange in the sense that they have progressive critiques of the wealth gap between black and white Americans and the system of racism harming black Americans, but they merge that with their far right conservative views on immigration embracing xenophobia against non-American members of the African Diaspora. A simple refutation of the ADOS movement is that you can't claim to love black people without loving black people worldwide. It's that simple. Black people in Europe, Africa, Asia, and other places of the world are our Brothers and our Sisters too. They seek to limit unity among black people globally when freedom is meant for all black people worldwide. ADOS stands for the American Descendants of Slaves. ADOS lovers forget that black history existed before the Maafa. Black history started in Africa where we came from. ADOS promotes the canard that since American slavery was unique and represents a distinct lineage, then only black Americans should have reparations in America (and everyone else in the Diaspora should separate and fight for reparations in various nations). The truth is that black Americans should fight for reparations in America and internationally. ADOS was created by the problematic Antonio Moore (who said that a white American woman has more cultural ties to him than Lupita Nyong'o when Lupita has lived in America for years and defends black people constantly) and Yvette Carnell (who wants the birthright citizenship part of the 14th Amendment banned, and she wore an American flag across herself). Carnell was once a Democratic Party consultant, and now she is an anti-immigrant extremist who has ties to PFIR (or the Progressives for Immigration Reform group. This group has ties to the white nationalist, pro-Trump FAIR group). Many ADOS folks have attacked the Roma human being Ms. Imani for exposing the PFIR links to Carnell and ADOS falsehoods in general. PFIR is a far right group despite Carnell's denials. Yvette Carnell said the lie that Pan-Africanism is dead when it is alive an well. Carnell is overt in her bigoted contempt for Africans and Africa. She and Moore stereotype Africans as slave traders, billionaires and pirates. This rhetoric is exactly the same repugnant views I heard from white racists for over 10 years. Antonio Moore was a lawyer and obsesses with data. He said that we have the data. Moore is not wrong in everything that he says.
He is that right that far too often, the working and class and poor African American plight is readily minimized and ignored by some wealthy capitalists including some wealthy African Americans. His problem is that he uses that fact as an excuse to scapegoat immigrants or Africans when they are the same victims of the 1% just like us (who are African Americans). Dwayne Wong wrote great articles in refuting Antonio Moore's false claims. Wong exposed the fact that Moore lied in one video about Moore saying that chattel slavery did not exist in Caribbean. We know that is a lie, because I read books and sources documenting slavery in the Caribbean. Mary Prince and Olaudah Equiano wrote about slavery in the Caribbean. Clairmont Chung and other scholars document the link of slavery in North American and slavery in the Caribbean. That is why black Americans and Afro-Caribbean deserve reparations. In fact, the Caribbean islands were commonly the first stop of many Africans before coming into America. Moore even suggested that people in Africa don't refer to themselves as African. That is a lie as Moore is readily ignorant of African history and culture. Tons of Africans call themselves Africans. For the record, many Caribbeans and many Africans support the black American cause for reparations. Moore and Carnell cite movies to promote xenophobic rhetoric about movie roles. The ADOS believes the lie that Africans and others come to America to exploit the sacrifice of African Americans in the civil rights struggle to get a piece of the action for selfish gain. They stereotype African and Afro-Caribbean immigrants as collectively hating us black Americans. This is like Trump demonizing majority African nations. History teaches us that all black people are one. Our ancestors may land on America, the Caribbean, or Brazil, but we are one black African people. Malcolm X told us that we are the victims of America and we are Africans who happen to be in America. The Maafa harmed black Americans, Africans, and other black people of the world. The enslavement of African people was global. Capitalism contributed to genocide of black people globally too. The Western oligarchs continue to exploit the resources of Africa and black people in the Americas too. The only difference between an African American, a Haitian, an Afro-Latino, an Afro-Brazilian, and an Afro-Cuban is the boat stop. The ADOS omits the crimes of American imperialism for centuries in order to have a lust for the empire's crumbs. ADOS' stereotyping of black immigrants (in claiming that black Americans have a distinct lineage, but many black Americans came from the Caribbean like Denmark Vesey. The African Diaspora has one African lineage period) is no different than a white racist view of black immigrants. That is why the system of colonization (that stripped Africans of music, traditions, religion, names, foods, etc.) is not limited to black Americans. Everyone of the African Diaspora are victims of colonization as well. There is a long history of Afro-descendant immigrants working with black Americans against white racism like Marcus Garvey, Kwame Ture, etc. The ADOS' embrace of American exceptionalism is troubling, but it outlines that even some of our people can be brainwashed to except a sugarcoating of the American empire (which was involved in the pogroms of black Americans, the genocide of American Native Americans, the end of Puerto Rican sovereignty, the overthrow of South American nations, and Africom). You can't have freedom for black Americans without freeing all black people of the world. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere as Dr. King (who visited Africa before) has said. ADOS advocates ignore Pan-Africanists, Black Nationalists, and other black revolutionaries, because these people go against the ADOS' limited, nationalist goal. Revolutionaries want global revolutionary change. ADOS just wants reparations primarily. There is nothing wrong with reparations for black Americans (I agree with reparations), but we want more than that. We want total black liberation worldwide without exceptions. The first black owned newspaper in America was created by black Jamaican immigrant John Russwurm. The Gullah-Gechee people in North Carolina, South Carolina, George, and Florida are related to the Caribbean people of the Bahamas. Afro-Cuban Artuo Alfonso Schomburg recorded black American history in he New York Library. Regardless of ADOS says, Afro-Caribbeans made outstanding contributions to African American culture. This fact is what Moore and Carnell won't tell their followers. Freedom can never come by compromising with the American empire or dividing black people based upon nationality. It comes by uniting with the African Diaspora (in a Pan-Africanist fashion), demanding change, using organization, establishing social and economic programs (that can fight poverty, homelessness, and economic inequality) and fighting the system to make a system a justice. Unity works.
Salt-N-Pepa was one of the most innovative, greatest hip hop groups in history. They came about during the midst of the development of many women hip hop groups like JJ Fad. Also, Salt-N-Pepa believed in women's empowerment, fashion, love, and standing up for their own dignity plus worth. They fought for their value in an industry that was and still is filled with sexism plus false stereotypes about women. They started during the Golden Age of hip hop. They were created in 1985. Their members are Salt (Cheryl James), Pepa (Sandra Denton), and DJ Spinderella (Deidra Roper). They sold over 15 million records worldwide, making them one of the best selling rap groups of all time. They won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for their song "None of Your Business." Queen Latifah won during the same year too. The group Salt-n-Pepa have been called The First Ladies of Hip hop. Cheryl James was from Brooklyn and Sandra Denton was from Queens. Both of them were studying nursing at Queensborough Community College. They were friends and co-workers at Sears. Both of them made a record called The Showstoppa as a response to Doug E. Fresh's "The Show." The group was originally called Super Nature with DJ Latoya Hanson. Their debut album was called Hot, Cool, and Vicious on December 1986. By 1985, they gained DJ Spinderella, who was a 15 year old high school student after Hanson left the group. They existed and grow. Back as late as the 1980's, many thought hip hop would be a fad, and some companies didn't sign hip hop artists. Salt-n-Paepa had to record for independent labels. The paradox was that much of the artists in the hip hop were sexists, but Salt-in-Pepa wanted to control their own sexuality by showing their own personal records like "Let's Talk about Sex." In their music, they promote their own human autonomy as women. The album was produced by Hurby Azor, Salt's boyfriend at the time and the group's manager. Years later, the women found themselves with legal issues with Azor as they accused him of paying unfair royalties. Hot, Cool & Vicious provided some moderate R&B hits with the singles "My Mic Sound Nice", etc. The album sold over 1 million copies being the first woman rap group to go platinum in selling 1.4 million copies worldwide.
Salt-N-Pepa's next album A Salt with a Deadly Pepa was released on July 26, 1988, contained the top 10 R&B hit "Shake Your Thang", featuring the go-go band E.U. A top 20 R&B hit and a minor pop hit were seen in "Get Up Everybody (Get Up)" and "Twist and Shout", respectively; with "Twist and Shout" becoming a major hit in the UK (#4), and several European countries. The album became certified gold-status, for excess sales of 600,000 copies sold in the U.S. and a total of 800,000 copies sold internationally.
The group's third album Blacks' Magic was released on March 19, 1990. Pepa became the first group member to become pregnant. Azor produced some songs on the album. As he was producing other acts, he agreed to let the artists work with different producers to finish the album. James and Roper took on producing assignments themselves, and the trio hired different producers, such as Invincible's producer Dana Mozie. This was the first album to feature Roper on vocals as well as DJing. The result was six singles released by Next Plateau Records, several of which became hits: "Expression" (US #26, UK #40 in 1990, UK #23 in 1992), a platinum single that had been certified gold before it even cracked the U.S Hot 100 as it had already been #1 on the R&B Chart for 8 weeks, and produced by Salt; "Independent"; "I Don't Know" (featuring Kid 'n Play); "Do You Want Me" (US #21, UK #5), etc. Very Necessary was Salt-N-Pepa's groundbreaking album from October 1993. It had songs like Shoop, Whatta Man, and None of Your Business. It sold 7 million worldwide and 5 million in America. They are the first women hip hop group to go multi-platinum. They toured, Salt was in the movie Who's the Man?, Pepa was in the movie Joe's Apartment, and they had great success. Brand New was their album in 1997. The Best of Salt-N-Pepa was released in 2000. They broke up temporarily. The reunion of Salt and Pepa came in 2005 when they were honored in VH-1's Hip Hop Honors. They performed with En Vogue the song, Whatta Man. Spinderella worked with them too. On October 14, 2007, The Salt-n-Pepa Show debuted on VH1. Pepa initially started the formation of the series as she previously appeared on the network in The Surreal Life. The Salt-n-Pepa Show chronicled events in the lives of Pepa and Salt as they work out past issues and return to the recording studio. Spinderella has been featured in several episodes. Later in 2008, the trio performed with MC Lyte, Yo-Yo, and Lady of Rage at the BET Hip Hop Awards. Pepa released an autobiography titled Let's Talk About Pep in August 2008. The book was co-written by Karen Hunter. It features an introduction by Queen Latifah, and an epilogue by Missy Elliott. To accompany the book, she launched her own social network for her fans and also starred in the reality TV series Let's Talk About Pep on the VH-1 network. They toured with many artists recently from SWV, Debbie Gisbon, Naughty by Nature, etc. Some sad news is that Spinderella parted ways with the group over contractual disagreements that both Salt and Pepa deny to this day. DJ Cocoa Chanelle (who was in BET and HOT 97) is the replacement DJ. Salt-N-Pepa along with DJ Spinderella remain icons of hip hop history and hip hop culture. Their contributions will never be forgotten.
One of the most important and sometimes complex mathematics in the world are trigonometry and precalculus Both items are used in science, architecture, engineering, technology, class assignments, and other arenas. Some of the greatest mathematicians in human history studied or use innovation in both types of mathematics. When I was a child, I studied both styles of math greatly. It was certainly fund to learn about formulas, equations, and how applications related to various realms of research. To find distance formulas, the slope of a line, the slope-intercept equation, logarithms, and exponential plus logarithmic functions, you have to be in love with mathematics. Doing that gave me a better awareness and understanding about how the universe functions. You have to learn about trigonometry to have a greater appreciation about the travel plus the force of objects involving physics. You have to love pre-calculus in order for anyone to comprehend complex algebraic expressions.
The 1970's and R&B go hand in hand. The 1970's was filled with funk, soul, and black self-expression. While the 1960's was the start of many social and cultural changes in the world, the 1970's was the first generation where the manifestation of the changes took place in their full fruits. Disco, Soul Train, and Parliament Funkalic were on the scene. Afro were prominently displayed by men and women like Pam Grier and Richard Roundtree. Geniuses like Stevie Wonder, Roberta Flack, Rufus, and Chaka Klan, Gloria Gaynor, Donna Summer, and other human beings expanded their talents to describe love, romance, justice, passion for life, and other themes of society. It was a time of political music from Marvin Gaye's song, "What's Going On." The 1970's R&B evolved to be more diverse. It expanded the boundaries topics being discussed. By the end of the 1970's, there was the growth of contemporary R&B with legends like Shalamar, Michael Jackson, Prince, Luther Vandross, the Pointer Sisters, etc. who would continue to explode in the future of the 1980's.
The end of the Knights Templar started in 1305. This was when the new Pope Clement V (from Avignon, France) sent letters to both the Templar Grand Master Jacques de Molay and the Hospitaller Grand Master Fulk de Villaret to discuss the possibility of merging the two orders. Neither was amenable to the idea, but Pope Clement persisted, and in 1306 he invited both Grand Masters to France to discuss the matter. De Molay arrived first in early 1307, but de Villaret was delayed for several months. While waiting, De Molay and Clement discussed criminal charges that had been made two years earlier by an ousted Templar and were being discussed by King Philip IV of France and his ministers. It was generally agreed that the charges were false, but Clement sent the king a written request for assistance in the investigation. According to some historians, King Philip, who was already deeply in debt to the Templars from his war against England, decided to seize upon the rumors for his own purposes. He began pressuring the church to take action against the order, as a way of freeing himself from his debts. By dawn on Friday on October 13, 1307 (which is linked to the Friday the 13th superstition), King Philip IV ordered de Molay and scores of French Templars to be arrested at once. The arrest warrant started with the phrase: "Dieu n'est pas content, nous avons des ennemis de la foi dans le Royaume" ["God is not pleased. We have enemies of the faith in the kingdom"]. The Templars accused of spitting the Cross, denying Chris, and engaging of certain sexual acts including worshiping idols. These allegations were made udner duress. Also, the Templars were charged with financial corruption, fraud, and other forms of secrecy. Many of those accused confessed these charges under torture (even though the Templars denied being tortured in their written confession). This caused a scandal in Paris. Many of the prisoners were forced to confess that they spat on the Cross, etc. Some of them were accused of idolatry by worshiping a figure of Baphomet or a mummified, severed head they recovered among other artifacts found form the Temple Mount. Relenting to Phillip's demands, Pope Clement then issued the papal bull Pastoralis praeeminentiae on 22 November 1307, which instructed all Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets. Pope Clement wanted papal hearing to see if these allegations were true or false. The pope appointed the archbishop of Sens, Philippe de Marigny, to lead the investigation, Philip blocked this attempt, using the previously forced confessions to have dozens of Templars burned at the stake in Paris. Philip threatened military action against the pope unless he complied with his wishes. Pope Clement agreed to disband the order. He issued bulls like Vox in excelso in 1312 that banned the order and Ad providam that turned over Templar assets to the Hospitallers. Grand Master Jacques de Molay retracted his confession after the torture. Geoffroi de Charney, Preceptor of Normandy, also retracted his confession and insisted on his innocence. Both men were declared guilty of being relapsed heretics, and they were sentenced to burn alive at the stake in Paris on 18 March 1314. De Molay reportedly remained defiant to the end, asking to be tied in such a way that he could face the Notre Dame Cathedral and hold his hands together in prayer. According to legend, he called out from the flames that both Pope Clement and King Philip would soon meet him before God. His actual words were recorded on the parchment as follows: "Dieu sait qui a tort et a péché. Il va bientot arriver malheur à ceux qui nous ont condamnés à mort" ("God knows who is wrong and has sinned. Soon a calamity will occur to those who have condemned us to death"). Pope Clement died only a month later, and King Philip died in a hunting accident before the end of the year.
The remaining Templars around Europe were either arrested and tried under the Papal investigation (with virtually none convicted), absorbed into other Catholic military orders, or pensioned off and allowed to live out their days peacefully. By papal decree, the property of the Templars was transferred to the Knights Hospitaller except in the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. Portugal was the first country in Europe where they had settled, occurring only two or three years after the order's foundation in Jerusalem and even having presence during Portugal's conception.
The Portuguese king, Denis I, refused to pursue and persecute the former knights, as had occurred in all other sovereign states under the influence of the Catholic Church. Under his protection, Templar organizations simply changed their name, from "Knights Templar" to the reconstituted Order of Christ and also a parallel Supreme Order of Christ of the Holy See; both are considered successors to the Knights Templar. The Chinon Parchment was found in the Vatican Secret Archives by Barbara Frale on September 2001. It was date August 17-20, 1308. It has been filed in the wrong place in 1628. It shows the trial of the Templars. It showed by Clement absolved the Templars of all heresies in 1308 before disbanding the order in 1312. There was another Chinon Parchment dated August 20, 1308 showing information addressed to Philip IV of France, also mentioning that all Templars that had confessed to heresy were "restored to the Sacraments and to the unity of the Church". This other Chinon Parchment has been well known to historians, having been published by Étienne Baluze in 1693and by Pierre Dupuy in 1751. The leaders of the Catholic Church say that the medieval persecution of the Knights Templar was unjust and didn't condemn the order today. The Catholic Hierarchy say that Philip IV of France, also mentioning that all Templars that had confessed to heresy were "restored to the Sacraments and to the unity of the Church". This other Chinon Parchment has been well known to historians, having been published by Étienne Baluze in 1693 and by Pierre Dupuy in 1751. King Philip IV of France was Merovingian (as he was a direct descendant of Charlemagne), and he was related to Pope Clement V, who was another Merovingian.
Stax Records is one of the most underrated record labels of R&B and soul music. It is based in Memphis, and people called it the area of Memphis soul. It has been part of a large movement of musical expression. It was founded in 1957, and shared its operations with Volt Records. Southern soul music was common back in the day. Stax helped to release gospel, funk, and blues records too. Jim Stewart and his sister Estelle Eaxton founded the record label. It had many ethnically integrated bands like Booker T & the M.G.'s. It also had a multiracial groups of artists and writers that was unprecedented during the 1960's. According to ethnomusicologist Rob Bowman, the label's use of "one studio, one equipment set-up, the same set of musicians and a small group of songwriters led to a readily identifiable sound. It was a sound based in black gospel, blues, country, and earlier forms of rhythm and blues. It became known as southern soul music." Otis Redding was the biggest on the label. He passed away in 1967. Its main rival was Motown Records in Detroit. Al Bell controlled Stax in 1968. It ended in 1975 because of financial solvency issues. Stax issued new singing acts again in 1978. It was reactivated in 2004. Current R&B and soul performers released material there. The Veltones made Fool in Love during the early years. Rufus Thomas and his daughter Carla made music. Their song was Cause I Love You. In 1962, Booker T. Jones (who could play many instruments) helped to expand Stax into the next level with drummer Al Jackson Jr., bassist Donald Dunn, and others. Isaac Hayes was also in the label back in the 1960's. Redding's first single, "These Arms of Mine," issued in October 1962, hit both the R&B and the pop charts. Though the label had enjoyed some early hits with the Mar-Keys and Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Redding became the first Stax/Volt artist to consistently hit the charts with each release—in fact, each of Redding's 17 singles issued during his lifetime charted. (Carla Thomas also charted with some consistency, but her pre-1965 releases were on Atlantic, not Stax or Volt.). Between January 1962 and December 1964, Stax and Volt released several chart hits each by Otis Redding, Rufus Thomas, and Booker T. and the M.G.'s. However, despite dozens of other releases, only three other Stax/Volt singles charted during this time, and all just barely: William Bell's "You Don't Miss Your Water" hit #95 in early 1962; the Mar-Keys' "Pop-Eye Stroll" hit #94 in mid-1962 (although it was a big hit in Canada, hitting #1 on Toronto's CHUM Chart), and Barbara & the Browns' "Big Party" made it to #97 in mid-1964.
Beginning in 1965, when the label formalized its distribution agreement with Atlantic, Stax/Volt artists made the charts much more frequently. Later, Sam and Dave, the Mad Lads, and other artists came on the scene. Don Covay and Wilson Pickett recorded at the label too. Stax artists toured across America and in Europe. Stax broke with Atlantic records in 1968. Johnnie Taylor gave Stax its first big post-Atlantic hit in 1968 with "Who's Making Love", which became the label's best-selling single to that point. Producer and songwriter Isaac Hayes stepped into the spotlight with Hot Buttered Soul. Originally seen just as a solo artistic project for Hayes to make up the numbers, it went on to sell over three million copies in 1969. Stax had the Staple Singers too. Al Bell worked with Rev. Jesse Jackson and funded Operation PUSH. People know about Wattstax that was organized by the Stax label on August 20, 1972. It featured Richard Pryor when he was a young man. It was called Black Woodstock with over 100,000 mostly African American people there. It was made into a film released by Columbia Pictures in February of 1973. Artists as diverse as Shirley Brown and Elvis would work at Stax Records. Stax made an iconic movement that we appreciate to this day.
During the Golden Age of hip hop (from 1986 to 1994), a new generation of artists rose up to not only express themselves. They wanted to show that the evolution of hip hop music is here to stay. The art-form came from the New York City area, but the new school hip hop movement is never limited to one city. This age saw the diversity, quality, and innovation of hip hop grow in many ways. This time saw many types of subject matter expressed, music being experimental, and sampling of older records being commonplace. In 1986, James Smith of Houston, Texas made the Geto Boys, which helped in the growth of southern hip hop. The original people in Geto Boys were MC Raheim, Jukebox DJ, Ready Red, and Sir Rap-A-Lot. Erik B. and Rakim released Eric B. is President in the same year. The Beastie Boys released "Licensed to Ill" on Def Jam which was executive produced by Rick Rubin. In 1987, Criminal Minded was released by Boogie Down Productions (which had KRS-One in it). This came about Scott LaRock was killed in the South Bronx after trying to solve a dispute. In 1987, Public Enemy made their first album called, "Yo! Bum the Show." Their music increased politically conscious hip hop into the next level. Their original members were Chuck D (Carlton Ridenhour), Flavor Flav (William Drayton), Professor Griff (Richard Griffin), and DJ Terminator X (Norman Rogers). In 1988, Yo! MTV Raps was shown by MTV after years of MTV rejecting hip hop videos. In 1988, the gold album "Straight Outta Compton" was released by N.W.A. N.W.A. called their music reality rap, and the media called it gangsta rap. Def Jam founders Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin go their own ways. In 1988, more landmark albums was released like Ultramagnetic MC's Critical Breakdown, Kane's "Live the Kane," and Eric B. and Rakim's "Follow the Leader." Cowboy of the Grandmaster Flash's Furious 5 died at the age of 28 after struggling with crack addiction in 1989. In 1989, high school friends join the Native Tongues movement in promoting Afrocentric themes in African American culture. In 1989, friends would form A Tribe Called Quest with Q-Tip, Ali Shaheed Muhamamd, Phife Dawg, and Jarobi. D.O.C. was from Dallas. In 1989, he was one of the great hip hop producers who worked with Dr. Dre. D.O.C. released, "No One Can do It Better." D.O.C. survived a car crash and continues to produce. In 1990, Tupac Shakur joined Digital Underground as a dancer and made music. The Stretch and Botbito Show was released in 1990. 1990 was the time when Luther Campbell was arrested in Florida over the 2 Live Crew's album named, "As Nasty as They Wanna be." Later, Luther won the case by citing the First Amendment. In 1991, N.W.A's sophomore album sells over 954,000 copies in it first week of release. Busta Rhymes was on the A Tribe Called Quest's "Scenario." Cypress Hill released their debut album in 1991. The Notorious B.I.G. was on the Unsigned Hype column of the Source magazine. In 1993, A Tribe Called Quest had their third album, "Midnight Marauders" with many artists. In the same year, Dr. Dre's The Chronic had multi-platinum status. In 1993, the Wu Tang Clan released 36 Chambers. Mobb Deep released Juvenile Hell in 1993 in their debut LP. In 1994, Nas' released Illmatic being one of the greatest hip hop albums ever. Common released Resurrection as a conscious lyricist. Warren G's Regulate: The G-Funk Era was certified quadruple platinum. The end of the Golden era was the time when hip hop exploded, and new situations would change hip hop forever.
By Timothy
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