Remembering John Lewis and Other News.

John Lewis, who was a son of a sharecropping family, was a courageous black man who stood the test of time with his social activism. His homecoming took place on July 17, 2020. Always humble and an icon, he took blows without using violence. His valiant deeds helped to change the world for the better, and we have a long way to go. During this time, it is fitting to celebrate his life. His body was on a horse drawn carriage to cross the Edmund Pettus bridge in Selma, Alabama (on July 26, 2020) where he was assaulted by crooked police officers back in 1965 (many of cops were on horseback). John Lewis' body was taken to the U.S. Capitol Rotunda at Washington, D.C. on July 27, 2020 after passing through famous Washington locations like the Museum of African American History and Culture. He was born in the Deep South at Troy, Alabama. His mentor and friend was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King was his hero. As an organizer, Lewis worked with the Nashville movement of the early 1960's (with Diana Nash and Rev. James Lawson), and he was the Chairman of SNCC. SNCC stands for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. SNCC was founded by Ella Baker, who wanted total grassroots organizing and civil disobedience in order for the people to eliminate Jim Crow apartheid. Ella Baker loved democratic participation on social justice movements. John Lewis was a Freedom Rider who wanted to enforce interstate travel on an integrated basis. SNCC was heavily egalitarian in its organization. Violence almost took Lewis' life during the Freedom Rides era. John Lewis gave an inspiring speech at the 1963 March on Washington where he didn't want patience for freedom. He wanted black people to experience total freedom, justice, and equality now. The whole 1963 march wasn't just about civil rights, but it promoted the progressive, legitimate aims of economic justice, labor rights, educational development, living wages, and an end to police brutality. Later, John Lewis and so many unsung legends like Bernard Lafayette, Amelia Boynton, etc. participated in the Selma movement for voting rights. John Lewis had a cracked skull during Bloody Sunday, so we could vote in any election. The Selma movement concluded with a victory. The Voting Rights Act was passed by August of 1965. The time of the end of 1965 was a time of transition, and civil rights leaders debated on what to do next for the movement. By 1966, the Black Power movement grew with the influence of Kwame Ture. Lewis was Chairman of SNCC from 1963 to 1966. John Lewis left SNCC in 1966, and Kwame Ture was the new Chairman of SNCC. John Lewis was later involved in registering voters, working on the 1968 Robert Kennedy campaign, and was involved more in politics. He won political office as a House member by 1986 after defeating his friend Julian Bond. He continued to advance progressive causes of being against the Iraq War, fighting for voting rights, opposing police brutality, and being one leader involved in causing the National African American Museum of History and Culture to be in existence. Congressman John Lewis was one of the last surviving members of the old school Civil Rights Movement. None of us are perfect, and Lewis wasn't perfect. We know of the neoliberal capitalist domination of the Democratic Party leadership. We know of the extremist, reactionary policies of the extremist, bigoted Donald Trump. We know that imperialism is wrong (as the assassination of American citizens overseas, the expansion of the military industrial complex, and the police state actions of some federal police in Portland represent reprehensible deeds). Yet, John Lewis' heroism in Congress and outside of Congress from protests to giving inspirational speeches about the world house motivate us to continue in his cause. Lewis mentored young people of the Black Lives Matter movement, and defended the human dignity of all people, regardless of one's background. John Lewis always condemned the Republican backed voter suppression laws in various states. Also, John Lewis would be the first to say that he didn't do these things alone. We have to honor Ella Baker, Fannie Lou Hamer, Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Mahalia Jackson, and other heroes too. The best way to honor John Lewis is to promote voting rights by promoting a law to strengthen the Voting Rights Act, vote an extremist like Trump out of office, and treat our neighbors as ourselves.  Also, we should honor John Lewis' memory by promoting environmental justice, by eliminating structural racism, by eliminating structural economic oppression, wanting social justice, and celebrating the beauty of our Blackness. John Lewis' great kindness and strength are always celebrated by us.

Rest in Power Brother John Lewis.


Complex mathematics has existed among the thousands of years of human history. Modern precalculus as we know it existed from Leonhard Euler's 1748 precalculus book entitled, "Introduction to the Analysis of the Infinite." This book focused on a survey of concepts and methods in analysis and analytic geometry preliminary to the study of differential and integral calculus. His work dealt with the concepts of variables and functions. He used innovation for the use of  exponentiation to introduce the transcendental functions. The general logarithm, to an arbitrary positive base, Euler presents as the inverse of an exponential function. Then the natural logarithm is obtained by taking as base "the number for which the hyperbolic logarithm is one", sometimes called Euler's number, and written e. This appropriation of the significant number from Gregoire de Saint-Vincent’s calculus suffices to establish the natural logarithm. This part of precalculus prepares the student for integration of the monomial xp in the instance of p = −1.Today's precalculus text computes e as the limit of (1 + 1/n)n as n approaches infinity. An exposition on compound interest in financial mathematics may motivate this limit. Another difference in the modern text is avoidance of complex numbers, except as they may arise as roots of a quadratic equation with a negative discriminant, or in Euler's formula as application of trigonometry. Euler used not only complex numbers but also infinite series in his precalculus. Today's course may cover arithmetic and geometric sequences and series, but not the application by Saint-Vincent to gain his hyperbolic logarithm, which Euler used to finesse his precalculus. There was studies of precalculus from the 17th century done by Sir Isacac Newton and Gottfried Liebniz. From that time onward, mathematicians, engineers, computer scientists, economists, statisticians, healthcare providers, and many other workers have used these math concepts in enriching the world society in general. Precalculus in general deal with algebra, trigonometry, and analytical geometry.



There are many concepts of precalculus. Many of the major concepts of precalculus include complex numbers, polynomials, composite functions, trigonmetry, vectors, matrices, conic sections, probability and combinatorics, and other forms of expression. The complex number is a number that be found in the form of a+bi where a and b are real number. The concept of i is a situation of the equation of x2=1. i is an imaginary number, because no real number can satisfy the answer. a is the real part and b is part of the imaginary part. For example since (x+1)2=-9 has no real answer, you have to use i to solve the equation. i is used to simplify the roots of negative numbers too. A polynomial is an expression made up of variables (or indeterminates) and coefficients that involve addition, subtraction, multiplication, and even at times division. A polynomial with a single variable is x2-4x+7. One example with 3 variables are x3+2xy2-yz+1. Polynominal equations are very common places. Many polynomial functions are found in chemistry, physics, economics, other social sciences, etc. One polynomial with 3 terms is the expression of 3x2-5x+4. Logrithm can exist in functions. Some exist in log2 (x). A logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation. This means that the logarithm of a given number x is the exponent to which another fixed number, the base b must be raided to produce the number x. For example 10 to the 3rd power is 1000 or 10 x 10 X 10. The logarithm base of 10n of 1000 is log 10 (1000)=3. The logarith of x to base b is denoted as log b (x). You can add logarithms too. One is about how logb(xy) = logb(x) + logb (y). All of trigonometry is the study of angles of triangles and side lengths. The functions of sine, cosine, and tangent studies right triangles. In a tight triangle, you find the hypotenuse, the opposite, and the adjacent. The reciprocals of these functions are called the cosecant, secant, and cotangent. The unit circle deals with many trigonometric values. The sine or cosine of a degree in a unit uses functions dealing with square roots and pi. Astronomy, navigation, surveying, and optics plus acoustics use trigonometry. Electronics are constantly involved in the subject too.


Disco and funk are cousins. They are so powerful musical genres that they impact modern day music even in 2020. Both forms of music existed out of the lives of the oppressed in order to make humanity more inclusive. Today, more people from across backgrounds have a deeper appreciation for disco and funk. First, I will mention facts on disco and then funk. Disco has its predecessors. Disco music relates to music on the dance floor in clubs. Swing music had the first discotheques. There are uptempo rhythm and blues being popular in American clubs, northern soul, and glam rock of the UK. In October 1959 the owner of the Scotch Club in Aachen, West Germany chose to install a record player for the opening night instead of hiring a live band. The patrons were unimpressed until a young reporter, who happened to be covering the opening of the club, impulsively took control of the record player and introduced the records that he chose to play. Klaus Quirini later claimed to thus have been the world's first nightclub DJ. Modern disco is claimed to have been found in the private dance parties in NYC by DJ David Mancuso's home at the Loft. He made his first major party at his Manhattan home on Valentine's Day 1970. Mancuso made regular parties into the 1990's. He played soul, rhythmic and impart music. Disco came about after the start of the counterculture of the 1960's. The hippie movement was starting to fade. Economic prosperity declined. Rising unemployment, inflation, and other issues grew. The rightwing backlash developed. Some used disco to escape from the problems of everyday society. Black Americans have a huge role to play in disco. Also, it is no secret that the LGBTQ+ community aws involved in disco as DJs and artists plus participants. The common denominator was the music. During the 1960s, when the discotheque culture from Europe became popular in the United States, several music genres with dance-able rhythms rose to popularity and evolved into different sub-genres: rhythm and blues (originated in the 1940s), soul (late 1950s and 1960s), funk (mid-1960s) and go-go (mid-1960s and 1970s; more than "disco", the word "go-go" originally indicated a music club). Those genres, mainly African-American ones, would influence much of early disco music. Motown had many hits with early disco elements by acts like the Supremes (for instance "You Keep Me Hangin' On" in 1966), Stevie Wonder (for instance "Superstition" in 1972), The Jackson 5 and Eddie Kendricks ("Keep on Truckin'" in 1973). In the mid-1960s and early 1970s Philadelphia soul and New York soul developed as sub-genres that also had lavish percussion, lush string orchestra arrangements and expensive record production processes. Psychedelic soul tracks developed disco. Some believe that the theme from Shalt movie in 1971 was an early disco song. Producers Gamble and Huff from Philadelphia used baselines that influence proto-disco records like Love Train by the O'Jays, the Love I Lost by Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes, etc. Norman Whitfield and other producers used idsco in many creative ways. He was involved in the psychedelic soul track of Papa Was a Rollin' Stone.
 Disco reached mainstream successful by 1974. Songs like The Hues Corporation's Rock the Boat in 1974 was a number one single and a million seller. Kung Fu Fighter sold a lot. By 1975, the rise of artists like Gloria Gaynor with her song I Will Survive captured the political goals of disco music.

Van McCoy's 1975 song of The Hustle was popular. One innovative group was KC and the Sunshine Band with many hits form 1975 to 1977 like Get Down Tonight, Keep it Comin' Love, etc. Italian composer Giorgio Moroder was a well known disco advocate. The greatest vocalist of disco was Donna Summer. She was born in the area of Massachusetts, came to Germany to be in theater, and came back to the states to continue to display disco sounds. Her song Love to Love You Baby in 1975 was controversial at the time. She made other songs like Could it Be Magic, I Feel Love, etc.
By 1975-1979, American disco was at its peak before the rightwing backlash the movie Saturday Night Fever popularized the genre more. The Bee Gees had many disco hits so popular that people from across backgrounds respected them. In 1978, Donna Summer's multi-million selling vinyl single disco version of "MacArthur Park" was number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three weeks and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. The recording, which was included as part of the "MacArthur Park Suite" on her double live album Live and More, was eight minutes and 40 seconds long on the album. The shorter seven-inch vinyl single version of MacArthur Park was Summer's first single to reach number one on the Hot 100; it does not include the balladic second movement of the song, however. Donna Summer was the Whitney Houston of her time. Summer was the Queen of Disco. Her songs like Last Dance, Dim All the Lights, On the Radio, etc. were successful. The band of Chic was decades ahead of its time. It had the guitarist Nile Rodgers. Their songs of Le Freak, Everybody Dance in 1979, and other songs were timeless.  Sylvester was the famous LBGTQ+ disco artist with songs like You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real). It is said that his singing style influenced Prince. Disco was very diverse from the Village People to the Jacksons. Michael Jackson and his brothers made songs showing disco like Blame it on the Boogie (1978), Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) (1979), Lovely One (1980), and Can You Feel It (1981).

Artists like Cheryl Lynn, Evelyn Champagne King, Alicia Bridges, Anita Ward, and other legends have shown excellent disco music. Clubs like Studio 54 in NYC had disco music constantly. The backlash against disco came, because some viewed disco as consumerist, overproduced, and escapist. Some even criticized Rod Stewart and David Bowie as sellouts for using disco elements in their music. By the end of the 1970's, punk grew. Many far right people hated disco because of racist and other reasons. The Disco Sucks movement came into full force when haters of disco destroyed records at Comiskey Park in Chicago on July 12, 1979. This was Disco Demolition Night. In January 1979, rock critic Robert Christgau argued that homophobia, and most likely racism, were reasons behind the movement, a conclusion seconded by John Rockwell. Craig Werner said the same thing. You don't have to quote me. Legs McNeil or the founder of the fanzine Punk admitted that he wanted disco to end because it appealed to black people and others.  By the end of 1979, disco sales dropped heavily. Country music grew in the early 1980's. Yet, disco would not die. Disco made many songs in the 1980's and had a huge comeback by the 1990's that continues to this day. The big irony is that disco influenced the development of house music. Disco songs like Irene Cara' Flashdance...What a Felling and Micahel Jackson's Wanna Be Startin's Somethin was on the charts. The 1980's house music and Chicago house grew up to be worldwide popular. Electronic dance music would be a descendant of disco music.  This was part of a wave of 1970s nostalgia that was taking place in popular culture at the time of the 1990's. Examples of songs during this time that were influenced by disco included Deee-Lite's "Groove Is in the Heart" (1990), U2's "Lemon" (1993), Blur's "Girls & Boys" (1994) & "Entertain Me" (1995), Pulp's "Disco 2000" (1995), and Jamiroquai's "Canned Heat" (1999), while films such as Boogie Nights (1997) and The Last Days of Disco (1998) featured primarily disco soundtracks.  From Robbie Williams, Bruno Mars, Lady Gaga, Madonna, Diana Ross (her songs I'm Coming Out, Upside Down, etc. were disco records) and other artists, disco influenced people from across generations. Disco helped to develop DJ culture. It helped music to grow its creativity and made people more inclusive of others. Even early hip hop had disco sounds like Good Times and Rapper's Delight.  Disco used pianos, electric guitars, horns, the reflective light disco-ball, and lighted dance floors.



Funk came from African Americans during the mid 1960's. It was a new form of music that mixed soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. It used melody and cord progressives. It also had a drummer, electric bassist, and a rhythmic groove. Funk bands include Rufus, The Meters, Parliament Funkadelic, Sly and the Family Stone, etc. George Clinton made many sounds. The descendants of funk relate to many forms of dance music, electric music, funk metal, G-funk, Timba, etc. Funk records have been sampled by hip hop artists for decades. As late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when "funk" and "funky" were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer "was the first to use the word 'funky' to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated and danceable." Funk uses dance music. It uses the beat and notes to get the best effect. A great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, and made it its own. By the 1970's, many funk records were about the changes in society. By that time, society moved from an industrial working class economy to an information economy that harmed many working class black people. Funk songs by The Ohio Players, Earth, Wind & Fire, and James Brown raised issues faced by lower-income Blacks in their song lyrics, such as poor "economic conditions and themes of poor inner-city life in the black communities." The Funkadelic song "One Nation Under A Groove" (1978) is about the challenges that Blacks overcame during the 1960s civil rights movement, and it includes an exhortation for black people in the 1970s to capitalize on the new "social and political opportunities" that had become available in the 1970s. The Isley Brothers song "Fight the Power" (1975) has a political message. Parliament's song "Chocolate City" (1975) metaphorically refers to Washington D.C. and other US cities that have a mainly Black population, and it draws attention to the potential power that Black voters wield and suggests that a Black President be considered in the future. Political funk songs was found in Blaxploitation films. These films shown black men and black women as fighting for their own dignity and respect. The political themes of funk songs and the aiming of the messages to a Black audience echoed the new image of Blacks that was created in Blaxploitation films, which depicted "African-American men and women standing their ground and fighting for what was right." James Brown said that Little Richard's 1950's R&B road ban from New Orleans used the funk first in to the rhythm of rock and roll. James Brown was an early godfather of funk with songs like Out of Sight, Papa's Got a Brand New Bag, and I Got You (I Feel Good). From the late 1960's to he 1970's, funk music developed into its modern formation. There was Jimmy McGriff, Tower of Power, Sly and the Family Stone, New Orleans' artists, and the Isley Brothers. Their producer, Norman Whitfield, became an innovator in the field of psychedelic soul, creating hits with a newer, funkier sound for many Motown acts, including "War" by Edwin Starr, "Smiling Faces Sometimes" by the Undisputed Truth and "Papa Was A Rollin' Stone" by the Temptations. Motown producers Frank Wilson ("Keep On Truckin'") and Hal Davis ("Dancing Machine") followed suit. Stevie Wonder and Marvin Gaye also adopted funk beats for some of their biggest hits in the 1970s, such as "Superstition" and "You Haven't Done Nothin'", and "I Want You" and "Got To Give It Up", respectively. Parliament Fundaelic used a new funk sound influenced by jazz and psychedlic rock. George Clinton was the head who used costumes, sounds, and fun in their music.

Funk records had Barry White, Rufus and Chaka Khan, Commodores, and other people. Funk exists now. Many women were involved in funk like Labelle, Brides of Funkestein, Klymaxx, Mother's Finest, Lyn Collins, Betty Davis, and Teena Marie. Betty Mabry Davis was an unsung artist whose words and sounds were underrated. Today, more people appreciate her contributions to funk music. Betty Davis is free speech. She was once married to jazz artist Miles Davis. She was a friend to late Jimi Hendrix. She was so ahead of her time, that she made music that would make Millie Jackson blush. Millie Jackson was ahead of her time too.  Betty Davis made it possibly for other women artists to express themselves like Missy Elliot and Erykah Badu. Funk today has been shown in clubs, theaters, and computers all of the time. Its music has influenced hip hop, rock, R&B, dance, punk, and other genres.



The prophet Daniel mentioned the legs of iron. Bible scholars are in consensus that this means the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire used iron on their shields to protect themselves from attacks. The 2 legs refers to the 2 section of the Roman Empire being the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Roman Empire. From the time of Malachi to the Birth of Jesus Christ, the Middle East was in flux. In Christianity, Christians believed that the OT verses of Numbers 24:1719, Isaiah 7:14, Isaiah 9:6-7, etc. refer to the Messiah as God and as Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ was born during the time of the Roman Empire's domination of Israel. The Romans were sophisticated in their tyranny. They regulated religious services of the followers of Judaism. They used soldiers to occupy lands. They permitted slavery. People of many races from black people to white people lived in the Roman Empire's borders. Vicious persecutions of Christians existed during the early days of the Roman Empire. Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire. Later, the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine would have its capital on Constantinople. Daniel 2:33, 40 outlined this information about iron. The Roman Empire surpassed the power of the Babylonian and Greek Empires combines. The Roman Empire had weapons made of iron with bronze claws, they had an eagle as a symbol, and they conquered lands from Britain to Iran at its peak. Jewish people, during the Roman Empire, fought for their freedom. The First Jewish Revolt lasted from 66-70 A.D. After the revolt, the Second Temple was destroyed by the Roman Empire as predicted by Jesus Christ in the book of Matthew. The destruction of Jerusalem by Nero and Vespasian was in 2 phrases. The first phrase was on Passover on Nisan 14 and the second one was on the 9th of Av (July/August). On the day of the 9th of Av, over 1 million Jewish people were killed and thousands were captured. 97,000 people were made prisoners. The Western Wall or the Wailing Wall only remained of the Temple to this day. Jewish people made their final rebellion in the Bar Kohaba revolt in 132-136 A.D. 586,000 Jewish people were killed. Hadrian remained the city of Jerusalem Aelia Capitolins, and many Jewish people fled to Babylon plus other places. Babylon was the land of refuge. Jerusalem remained under Gentile rule until 1948. Jesus was so hard on the Pharisees, because they embraced Oral Tradition. On many times, Oral Tradition contradicted the words of the Torah. After the end of the Western Roman Empire by 476 A.D., things massively changed in the world. Nothing would be the same again.


Black Musical Excellence during the 1960's was heavily abundant. Black Excellence isn't just found in the musicians of the 1960's. Many producers and other black people behind the scenes made 1960's music from Motown, Staxx, Columbia, and other record labels present black music to the world. Berry Gordy worked as clock work to promote talented artists. Motown artists made songs constantly all over the Hitsville studio in Detroit. One large part of Motown's success was the Holland-Dozier-Holland team. This was a songwriting and production team made up of Lamont Dozier and brothers Brian and Eddie Holland. They helped to create the Motown sound of the 1960's. They worked from 1962 to 1967 at Motown. Dozier and Brian Holland wrote and produce songs. Eddie Holland wrote lyrics and arranged the vocals. This team were involved in the 10 of 12 Supremes' 12 U.S. No. 1 singles like Baby Love, Stop! In the Name of Love, You Keep Hangin' On. They worked with The Four Tops and Michael Jackson. The Four Tops is an underrated group with the led single of Levi Stubbs. Levi Stubbs (1936-2008) was one of the greatest vocalists of all time. He was that great. The team also worked with the Marvelettes, Martha and the Vandellas, and Marvin Gaye. Norman Whitfield was another great writer and producer of the 1960's too. Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland were inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2010. Norman Whitfield (1940-2008) was credited as one of the creators of the Motown Sound and of the late 1960's subgenre of psychedelic soul. Maxine Powell was the woman who helped Motown's musicians to develop their character, fashion, and other aspects of their performance. She told the Supremes about talking, dressing, and eating food. Maxine Powell said the truth that each person is beautiful. She lived to be 98 years old. She worked with Marvin Gaye, Smokey Robinson, Tammi Terrell, and Stevie Wonder. Powell wanted to show the black excellence in the world by presenting the best out of artists. That is her gift. Smokey Robinson helped Motown with writing hit records too. Cholly Atkins was involved in the artistic development department as a dance teacher. Back in the day, many Motown artists were too rigid in their dance moves, so Atkins came about to help many artists to be more fluid in how they performed or danced on stage. His lessons worked. Cholly Atkins worked with the Temptations and the Four Tops. He also worked with the Pips and the Supremes. Honi Coles also worked with Motown musicians to improve their dancing skills. Atkins choreographed for the Temptations until his passing in 2003.



By the time of 1966, American society was changing. Shows had more integrated audiences even in the South. Black music was the soundtrack of the lives of millions of Americans. Motown was already reaching new international acclaim. Yet, social justice activists continued to fight for change. By this time, the Civil Rights Movement at its core dealt with more complex issues of housing, education, police brutality, economic inequality, the Vietnam War, and other issues. The Black Power movement was reaching tons of young people. Music reflected this new reality in American society. In 1966, Norman Whitfield was producing the Temptations. Motown grossed $20 million. Motown signed many great artists like Gladys Knight and the Pips, Tammi Terrell, and the Isley Brothers. Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson were staff writers at Motown. Stark Trek was born. Color TV started to be popular. I Spy was there. The Freedom of Information Act was signed by LBJ. The Black Panthers were created in 1966 as well. By early 1966, James Brown had a record called I Got You (I Feel Good). Joe Tex had A Sweet Woman Like You. Singles form Stevie Wonder, The Supremes, the Four Tops, and The Temptations dominated the charts in 1966. The Temptations had 4 chart topping records of Get Ready, Aint Too Proud to Beg, Beauty is Only Skin Deep, and I'm Losing You. June was when James Brown had the song of "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" Wilson Pickett was showing music. The Supremes had recorded like You Can't Hurry Love and You Keep Me Hangin' On. Stevie Wonder had Uptight and Blowin' in the Wind. Percey Sledge's When a Man Loves a Woman was an anthem of 1966. Sam and Dave's Hold On! I'm a Comin' was popular. Ray Charles and Lou Rawls expressed themselves with music in 1966 as well. It was a very soulful year indeed. Maurice King was also part of the Motown's artist development department too.



By Timothy