The destruction of the New York City World Trade Center Towers existed by many events. First, 2 hijacked commercial airlines struck both towers. World Trade Center One or the North Tower was hit first at 8:46 am. EST, and it collapsed at 10:28 am. World Trade Center Two or the South Tower was hit at 9:03 am. and collapsed at 9:59 am. The resulting debris severely damaged or destroyed more than a dozen other adjacent and nearly structures. In September 2005, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published the results of its investigation into the collapse. The investigators did not find anything substandard in the design of the twin towers, noting that the severity of the attacks was beyond anything experienced in buildings in the past. They determined the fires to be the main cause of the collapses, finding that sagging floors pulled inward on the perimeter columns, causing them to bow and then to buckle. Once the upper section of the building began to move downwards, a total progressive collapse was unavoidable. The cleanup of the World Trade Center site involved round-the-clock operations and cost hundreds of millions of dollars. Some surrounding structures that were not hit by the airplanes still sustained significant damage, requiring them to be torn down. Demolition of the surrounding damaged buildings continued even as new construction proceeded on the Twin Towers' replacement, the new One World Trade Center, which was opened in November 2014. The World Trade Center towers were designed with a framed tub structures. It had a floor truss system and a concrete floor over steel pans.
The buildings were square and 207 ft (63 m) on each side but had chamfered 6 feet 11 inches (2.11 metres) corners making the exterior of each building roughly 210 ft (64 m) wide. Numerous, closely spaced perimeter columns provided much of the strength to the structure, along with gravity load shared with the steel box columns of the core. Above the tenth floor, there were 59 perimeter columns along each face of the building spaced 3 feet 4 inches (1.02 metres) on center. While the towers were square, the interior cores were rectangular and were supported with 47 columns that ran the full height of each tower. All of the elevators and stairwells were located in the core, leaving a large column-free space between it and the perimeter that was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses. As the core was rectangular this created a long and short span distance to the perimeter columns. The floor has a 4 inch thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. Even an analysis of the impacts of low speed jet aircraft impacts had been undertaken prior to their completion, the full scope of those studies no longer exists. Nevertheless, since fire had never before caused a skyscraper to collapse and aircraft impacts had been considered in their design, their destruction initially came as a surprise to some in the engineering community.
Leslie Robertson, one of the chief engineers working on the design of the World Trade Center, stated that he considered the scenario of the impact of a Boeing 707, which might be lost in the fog and flying at relatively low speeds while seeking to land at either JFK or Newark Airports. In an interview with the BBC two months after the building collapses, Robertson claimed that, "with the 707, the fuel load was not considered in the design, I don't know how it could have been considered." In the interview, Robertson stated that the main difference between the design studies and the event that ultimately caused the towers to collapse was due to the velocity of the impact, which greatly increased the absorbed energy, and was never considered during the construction process.
During their investigation into the collapse, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) obtained a three-page white paper that stated the buildings would survive an aircraft-impact of a Boeing 707 or DC 8 flying at 600 miles per hour (970 km/h). In 1993, John Skilling, lead structural engineer for the WTC, during an interview conducted after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing remarked, "Our analysis indicated the biggest problem would be the fact that all the fuel (from the airplane) would dump into the building. There would be a horrendous fire. A lot of people would be killed", he said. "The building structure would still be there." In its report, NIST stated that the technical ability to perform a rigorous simulation of aircraft impact and ensuing fires is a recent development, and that the technical capability for such analysis would have been quite limited in the 1960s. In their final report on the collapses, the NIST stated that they could find no documentation that examined the impact of a high speed jet nor that of a large scale fire fueled by aviation fuel. Fireproofing was deficient by 2001. The aircraft removed a large part of the fireproofing contributing to the buildings' collapse. In WTC 1 the impact stripped the insulation off 43 of 47 core columns on more than one floor as well as floor trusses over a space of 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2). In WTC 2 the impact removed insulation from 39 of the 47 columns on multiple floors and from floor trusses spanning an area of 80,000 sq ft (7,400 m2). The collapse of the Twein was a progressive collapse. Structural components fell apart.
Building Number 7 collapsed in a symmetrical fashion. As the North Tower collapsed, heavy debris hit the 7 World Trade Center. This caused damage to the south face of the building. Fires burn all afternoon. Structural damage occurred to the southwest corner between Floors 7 and 17 and on the south facade between Floor 44 and the roof; other possible structural damage includes a large vertical gash near the center of the south facade between Floors 24 and 41. The building was equipped with a sprinkler system, but had many single-point vulnerabilities for failure: the sprinkler system required manual initiation of the electrical fire pumps, rather than being a fully automatic system; the floor-level controls had a single connection to the sprinkler water riser; and the sprinkler system required some power for the fire pump to deliver water. Also, water pressure was low, with little or no water to feed sprinklers. Firefighters tried to stop the fires in WTC, but low water pressure hindered their efforts. Around 3:30 pm FDNY Chief Daniel A. Nigro decided to halt rescue operations, surface removal, and searches along the surface of the debris near 7 World Trade Center and evacuate the area due to concerns for the safety of personnel. There was a cuts in the building. It collapsed by 5:21:10 pm. EST. One issue with the NIST final report was that much of the steel was eliminated from the scene. Indeed, when NIST published its final report, it noted "the scarcity of physical evidence" that it had had at its disposal to investigate the collapses. Only a fraction of a percent of the buildings remained for analysis after the cleanup was completed: some 236 individual pieces of steel, although 95% of structural beams and plates and 50% of the reinforcement bars were recovered. The NIST and FEMA reports said that the jet fuel causing fires among many floors of the buildings caused a large heat output which caused the collapse of both Twin Towers. NIST's report said that fires from debris caused the WTC to collapse. Larry Silverstein said a comment about put it. A PBS documentary about the 9/11/01 attack, America Rebuilds, features an interview with the leaseholder of the destroyed WTC complex, Larry Silverstein. In it, the elderly developer makes the following statement:
"I remember getting a call from the, er, fire department commander, telling me that they were not sure they were gonna be able to contain the fire, and I said, "We've had such terrible loss of life, maybe the smartest thing to do is pull it." And they made that decision to pull and we watched the building collapse." There are many views on what he meant by that, but it's a bizarre statement to make during a crisis. There are scholars and researchers who disagree with the official stories on the collapse of the buildings. They have the right to their views. Pull it doesn't necessary mean demolish as it could mean to pull the firefighters away from the location as the fires in the WTC 7 were too dangerous (after people were evacuated from the building).It is also important that to this very day, we don't know everything pertaining to 9/11. We have the right to research information.
After the American Civil War, the peanut crop was prominent in Southampton County, Virginia. Peanuts have been an export during the trans-Atlantic slave trade for centuries. Susanna Turner or the daughter of Milly Woodson/Bozeman-Turner was reported to have said that, "we lived off the land" but "supplies were short." She meant that following the American Civil War, that were were loss of property and supplies in the region. Emancipated slaves formed their own independent churches like the famous Bryant Baptist Church being created in 1874. The Nottoway people went from Methodist to Baptist overnight by the late 1800's. Nancy Woodson is said to have died in ca. 1805. Burwell Williams was a free African American man who had a Nottoway wife named Winny Woodson (or Winifred Woodson-Bozeman. Winifred was my 6th great grandmother. She passed her land rights to her children and granddaughter Millie Woodson). Burwell Williams helped to establish productive farms on Nottoway lands. By 1830, the Nottoway people had surnames like Woodson, Turner, Scholar, etc. Patsy Woodson-WIlliams' husband Thomas Crocker repurchases many tracts of lands. He maintained a modest farm alongside Woodson's ohwachira members. Patsy Woodson-Williams was about 29 years old when she and her siblings requested allotment lands in 1840.
During the antebellum period, Nottoway families were anchored around women leaders. Back then, many black families were at the Rose hill plantation like the Artis, Claud, and Hill families. Rev. James Thompson Claud's sobriquet (or nickname) was Mehtah. Rev. James Thompson Claud's mother was Sarah Claud. Sarah Claud was a slave at Rose plantation before her emancipation. Sarah was the daughter of Zilphy Claud (1820-1893). Augustus Wiggins was my 1st cousin whose parents were Sally Woodson-Williams and Robert Wiggins. His brother John Henry Wiggins married the matrilineal Nottoway person Odelia Turner on December 14, 1876 at Southampton County, Virginia. Odelia Turner was the oldest surviving daughter of Milly Woodson/Bozeman Turner-Hurst (and Milly was my 4th great grandmother). Odelia (Candy) Turner (1860-1934) was my 4th great aunt. Odelia's 2nd husband was Marshall Darden (1863-1937). They married in 1898 at Southampton County, Virginia. Sarah Claud (or my 4th great grandmother) married freeman African American Thomas Hill. One of their children was Adeline Hill. Adeline Hill married Nottoway descendant John Henry Williams (who was my 1st cousin). John Henry Williams's father was John Burwell Williams (b. 1815) and his mother was a freeborn black woman named Mary. The daughter of Sarah Claud and Thomas HIll was Johnnie Roberta Hill-Scott who ran a store from the reservation. Millie Turner's husband was Morefield Hurst (who was a free African American). The Hurst family were farmers, and Morefields' father was a cooper by trade. One of their children among Millie and Morefield Hurst was my 3rd great grandmother Susaana Field Hurst Turner (1862-1949). Millie Turner was described by Millie Woodson/Bozeman Turner's elderly grandchildren, during the 1970's, as having long hair down to her waist, a "stout brown skinned woman." Millie Woodson-Turner's farmstead promoted crops, cattle, and markets. During Reconstruction, there was the Turner Hill School next to the Millie Woodson-Turner farm. Nottoway man Edwin Turner owned the building that housed the school Harriet A. Gregory was the black woman teacher whose father was a leader of the Southampton County's Reconstruction era Republican Party (and candidate for the House of Delegates in 1869). Millie Turner and Morefield Hurst sent their children to the Turner Hill School. Morefield Hurst planted crops like apples and peaches to later sale in the market at Courtland, Virginia. Millie's daughter's Sussana has been described as small framed, light skinned or brown skinned, long hair, tall, long thin face, high checkbones, and grey streak in her hair during her older years. Susanna would go fishing with her brother's wife Romine Turner. His brother was William P. Turner. She or Susanna fished at the Nottoway River. Susanna's farm was plenty, and she loved to make apple turnovers. Sussanna Turner would use a wagon to go to church, and she would go to Courtland to sell cakes, pies, and chickens. The church was at Shiloh Baptist Church were many of Rev. James Thompson Claud's children would be baptized at. Alice Rosetta Claud or the granddaughter of Millie Turner remembered Millie's passing in 1915. Morefield Hurst would pass away in 1918. Many members of the family moved into Petersburg, Portsmouth, Philadelphia, and in other places of Virginia. John Melton Hardy (b. 1919) would be in the Navy in 1940. Leroy Hardy Sr. would join the Army in 1942. Both Hardys are sons of Virgie Claud (and these sons are the grandsons of Susanna). Susanna's children of Arthur Claud (or my 2nd great grandfather), Joshua Claude, and Nannie Claude Nickens stayed in Southampton County to farm cotton and peanuts. Susanna lived with Arthur Claud as time went onward. Sussana's house mysteriously was burned to the grown. Sussana passed away in 1949. Later generations would come about honoring Susanna's memory. Many decades into the future, came me and I'm a descendant of both Nancy Woodson and Sussana Field Hurst Turner.
By Timothy
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