Historians consider him as among the top 3 greatest Presidents in American history. Abraham Lincoln remains one of the most important figures of world history. He saw so many changes in the United States from the American Civil War to the expansion of the role of the federal government in everyday American life. He was a Republican, but he wasn't a far-right extremist on many issues. In fact, many of his policies would be progressive. President Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States of America, and he lived from February 12, 1809 to April 15, 1865. Lincoln had many jobs like being a member of the House of Representatives, being a member of the Illinois state House of Representatives, and being a lawyer too. He was born in a log cabin on a Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. His parents are Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. His ancestor was the Englishman Samuel Lincoln (who came from Hingham, Norfolk. Samuel came into Hingham, Massachusetts in 1638). His family moved into New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. His ancestors came from Virginia and came into Jefferson County, Kentucky. Abraham Lincoln's family moved into Indiana. Lincoln was born poor. Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. He did own livestock, farms, and other lands. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptist church that forbade alcohol, dancing, and slavery. His mother died on October 5, 1818, and his sister died in 1828. Her name was Sarah. This hurt Lincoln a great deal. Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston. Abraham Lincoln loved to read, write, and cipher. Lincoln said that he didn't like the physical labor, but he loved to read.
Lincoln was heavily self-educated. Itinerant teachers taught him in Kentucky. Lincoln loved to read the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, and other literature. Lincoln was tall, athletic, and knew how to use an ax. He was a wrestler too. By 21, he was the county wrestling champion. Lincoln was known for his strength. Abraham Lincoln did chores around the home and so forth. By March 1830, many members of Lincoln's family including Abraham Lincoln himself, moved west into Illinois, another free state. They settled in Macon County. Thomas and other family members moved into a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois. Abraham Lincoln later lived in New Salem, Illinois for 6 years. He was repulsed at slavery when we saw it at a flatboat in New Orleans. He was with his friends at the time. In 1865, Lincoln was asked how he came to acquire his rhetorical skills. He answered that in the practice of law he frequently came across the word "demonstrate" but had insufficient understanding of the term. So, he left Springfield for his father's home to study until he "could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid [here, referencing Euclid's Elements] at sight."
Abraham Lincoln dated Ann Rutledge for a time. She passed away on August 25, 1835, probably of typhoid fever. Lincoln dated Mary Owens in the 1830's. Then, Lincoln met Mary Todd at Springfield, Illinois in 1839. She was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a wealthy lawyer and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd married on November 4, 1842 in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister. By this time, Abraham Lincoln was a great lawyer with 5 sons. Many of his sons passed away by disease. Lincoln restricted showing information to the public about his children. Lincoln studied law and was an Illinois state legislator from 1834 to 1842. He was a political Whig in office. He promoted the building of the Illinois and Michigan Canal (including the fact that he was a Canal Commissioner). He wanted suffrage to be for all white males and had a free-soil stance opposing slavery and abolition. The reality is that suffrage is meant for all of humanity, not just for a certain group of people. He even wanted black people to go into Liberia with the colonization plan. True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old-line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay." Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization. Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support.
Abraham Lincoln opposed the Mexican-American War overtly. He supported the Wilmot Proviso, a failed proposal to ban slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico. Lincoln rejected President James K. Polk's political views. Lincoln wanted Polk to show proof that American soldiers died in American soil involving the Mexican forces. He supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 Presidential election. Abraham Lincoln worked in law continuously on transportation cases too. He appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases. His legal reputation gave him the nickname of "Honest Abe." Lincoln allowed Harrison to be acquitted in a case involving a murder case. Abraham Lincoln for a long time was a moderate on slavery. He opposed slavery on moral grounds, but he never supported the revolutionary abolitionist movement early on in a hardcore level. He opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He joined the Republican Party. He disagreed with the expansion of slavery. Lincoln instructed his backers to vote for Lyman Trumbull. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. Lincoln's decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, Joel Aldrich Matteson.
Lincoln lived during the Dred Scott v. Standford case when Dred Scott was deprived of his human rights. Lincoln denounced the decision as a part of a conspiracy of Democrats to expand slavery in America. He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect (which was wrong on the Founders' part), they believed all men were equal "in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Abraham Lincoln debated Douglas for the Senate. He gave his House Divided Speech. In the speech, he showed the biblical reference Mark 3:25, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other." In the debates, Lincoln made remarks on race that I don't agree with. Lincoln won the 1858 election. Then, many people supported Abraham Lincoln to won for President. On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln to give a speech at Cooper Union, in which he argued that the Founding Fathers of the United States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery, and rejected any "groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong." Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a "superb political move for an unannounced candidate, to appear in one rival's (Seward) own state at an event sponsored by the second rival's (Chase) loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery."
Abraham Lincoln won the Republican National Convention in Chicago on May 18, 1860. He was a moderate on the slavery issue and wanted internal improvements plus the tariff. Many Democrats didn't support Douglas because of his support of popular sovereignty. The race in 1960 was filled with Bell, Breckinridge, Lincoln, and Douglas. Lincoln won most of the Midwest, the Northeast, California, and Oregon. Breckinridge won mostly the South, Douglas won only Missouri, and Bell won very little. On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president. He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West. No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War. Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race, carrying the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon. His victory in the electoral college was decisive: Lincoln had 180 votes to 123 for his opponents.
President Abraham Lincoln was in a tough atmosphere. The South didn't like his victory. He took office in March 1861. Traitors and secessionists seceded from the Union. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed. Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America, and adopted a constitution. The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal. President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal. The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional president on February 9, 1861. Compromise efforts failed. Abraham Lincoln escaped assassins as early as February 23, 1861. Early on, Lincoln still didn't want slavery abolished in the South during his March 4, 1861 First inaugural address. Abraham Lincoln wanted to end conflicts, but war was inevitable. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter and began the fight. On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send a total of 75,000 volunteer troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and "preserve the Union", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states. This call forced states to choose sides. Virginia seceded, the Confederates the designation of Richmond as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed over the following two months. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral. The Fort Sumter attack rallied Americans north of the Mason-Dixon line to defend the nation. The U.S. Civil War happened. Attacks happened by mobs against Union troops in Baltimore. Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus to secure troops from Maryland to reach Washington, D.C. He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended habeas corpus, and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers. Lincoln gained the support of Congress and the northern public for these actions. Lincoln also had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict.
Radical Republicans wanted Lincoln to go further in abolishing slavery completely. On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates. The law had little practical effect, but it signaled political support for abolishing slavery. General John C. Fremont freed slaves for a time. President Lincoln used his Secretary of State William Seward to stop massive foreign military aid to the Confederacy. Edwin Stanton worked with Lincoln during the war too. Lincoln used General George McClellan and others to fight. The war by the Union was slow. By 1863, General Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states. Lincoln rejected Fremont's two emancipation attempts in August 1861, as well as one by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and would upset loyal border states. The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and effective January 1, 1863, affirmed the freedom of slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas under such control. Lincoln's comment on signing the Proclamation was: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper." This increased the number of black Union soldiers, and these soldiers helped to win the war for the Union. After the battle of Gettysburg in 1863, Abraham Lincoln gave his famous Gettysburg Address to focus on the sacrifice of soldiers, the concept that all men are created equal, and wanted to make sure that the " government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the Earth." Lincoln supported General Grant because of his courage and victories in the battlefield. Grant won the Battle of Shiloh and Vicksburg.
Grant commanded Meade's army. Grant fought in Virginia too. By 1864, it was a foregone conclusion that the Union was going to win the war. The Union had more soldiers, resources, and the Confederacy collapsed. Lincoln won re-election in the 1864 Presidential campaign. He even won Louisiana and Tennessee including Nevada. McClellan only won 2 states. Grant had a stalemate in many places, but Abraham Lincoln fought hard to win re-election. Andrew Johnson was Vice President. The Democratic Party was divided and without much power. His support was among 78 percent of Union soldiers. On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will. Historian Mark Noll places the speech "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;" it is inscribed in the Lincoln Memorial. This speech was much better than his 1st Inaugural Address. Here are some of his powerful words in his 2nd Presidential Inaugural Address on March 4, 1865:
"...Fondly do we hope—fervently do we pray—that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man's 250 years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said 3,000 years ago, so still it must be said, "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether". With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations..."
The early Reconstruction era existed in 1865 when President Abraham Lincoln was alive. Lincoln wanted immediate integration of Confederate states to the Union after the war was over. Radical Republicans wanted Confederate leaders to be punished. Lincoln was a moderate on Reconstruction, and Rep. Thaddeus Stevens was progressive on Reconstruction. Stevens, Sumner, and Sen. Benjamin Wade were Lincoln's allies still. His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance. Lincoln's appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, who Lincoln believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies. By 1865, President Abraham Lincoln promoted a Constitutional amendment to abolish slavery completely in America. This first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. Passage became part of Lincoln's reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865. With ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865. Abraham Lincoln wanted an expanded federal government to help freedmen via the Freedmen's Bureau (as he signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen Bureau Bill). The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists.
Abraham Lincoln believed in voting rights for some black people (limited black suffrage). One of the biggest errors of Abraham Lincoln was his treatment of Native American people. His grandfather Abraham died with conflict with Native Americans, but that is not an excuse for his actions towards them. He used the Indian Bureau as a source of patronage, making appointments to his loyal followers in Minnesota and Wisconsin. General John Pope wanted extinction of Native peoples in the Midwest which was evil and wrong. Abraham Lincoln focused on massive investments by the federal government. The 1862 Homestead Act made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost. The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state. The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869. The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s. President Lincoln was wrong to veto the Wade-Davis Bill that dealt with Reconstruction. He or Lincoln promoted the National Banking Act, income taxes, The Yosemite Grant, greenbacks, and the Department of Agriculture. He made Thanksgiving a national holiday. Today, we know the real history of Thanksgiving. It is what it is.
Lincoln made five appointments to the Supreme Court. Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. Samuel Freeman Miller supported Lincoln in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist. David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where Lincoln practiced. Democrat Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Finally, Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party. Lincoln appointed 27 judges to the United States district courts but no judges to the United States circuit courts during his time in office. He saw West Virginia and Nevada be new American states.
On April 1, 1865, Grant nearly encircled Petersburg in a siege. The Confederate government evacuated Richmond and Lincoln visited the conquered capital. On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, officially ending the war. Abraham Lincoln in April 11, 1865 gave a speech where Lincoln promoted voting rights for some black Americans. This stirred up John Wilkes Booth to assassinate Lincoln. Booth worked in a conspiracy with racists and Confederate sympathizers to do the evil deed. Lincoln was at Ford's Theater to see a play. The play was Our American Cousin on April 14. Grant went to New Jersey to visit his children. At 10:15 in the evening, Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him. Lincoln's guest Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped.
After being attended by Doctor Charles Leale and two other doctors, Lincoln was taken across the street to Petersen House. After remaining in a coma for eight hours, Lincoln died at 7:22 in the morning on April 15. Stanton saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages." Lincoln's body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers. President Johnson was sworn in the next morning.
Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia, and was mortally shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett and died on April 26. Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested for court martial. After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge. The late President was in state at the East Room of the White House. The casket was sent to the Capitol Rotunda and sent on a train to Springfield, Illinois. American Americans and many other Americans mourned. His body is at in the Lincoln Tomb at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois. Abraham Lincoln transformed the Republican Party like Franklin Delano Roosevelt transformed the Democratic Party forever. The irony is that the Trump Republicans today are the complete opposite ideologically of President Abraham Lincoln's views and legacy. There are many different views about President Abraham Lincoln. The truth is in between the 2 extreme views of him (of him being messianic to him being a terrible President). The truth is that President Abraham Lincoln was not a perfect man, but he has grown light years in his political views from the 1850's to 1865. By 1865, he was a much better man than he was in 1861. He has grown in his political consciousness. President Abraham Lincoln lived in one of the most important ages of human history, and his legacy continues to exist in our time in the 2020's. The legacy of the U.S. Civil War is still with us.
She is a modern-day legendary artist whose vocals, albums, and influence are worldwide. She can sing and write songs. Many of her music represent anthems about love, empowerment, and a sense of freedom. She is Sister Jazmine Sullivan. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is the city of her birth. Her mother was a singer, and her father was a curator for Philadelphia's Historic Strawberry Mansion. She lived into the historic landmark. When she was a child, she sang at a children's choir. Also, she graduated from the Philadelphia High School for the Creative and Performing Arts in 2005. Jive Records signed her when she was 15 years old. She gave vocals for Kindred and the Family's Soul song of "I Am." Also, she worked with Missy Elliot too. By 2008, her breakthrough song was Need U Bad. Fearless was her first album. She worked with Salaam Remi, Missy Elliot, and Peter Edge on the album. Stevie Wonder has always praised Sullivan's song including the song Bust Your Windows. Lions, Tigers, and Bears was her classic song too. Ruthless was her 2nd studio album with the led single of Champion. She worked with Ryan Leslie and performed at the June 2009 Essence Music Festival too. Sullvian wrote for artists like Mary J. Blige. She loves to collaborate with artists like Bryson Tiller. By the 2020s, she released music like Tragic. By Juen 27, 2021, she was awarded the BET Award for Album of the Year. Jazmine Sullivan has an old school song with new school flavor with a contralto voice. Modern day R&B music is in great hands with human beings like Jazmine Sullivan. She is a legendary musician of our time.
The culture of the 1950's was filled with dynamic sounds and imagery. There was the jazz influence on bands. Many artists sang with an old school, classical sound like Frank Sinatra, Tony Bennett, Nat King Cole, Joni James, Dorsi Day, Bing Crosby, Perry Como, Kay Star, and other human beings. The 1950's didn't just include a conservative vibe. There was rebellious streak too. Many rock stars came into their own like Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Ritchie Valens, Little Richard, Elvis, and other human beings. Sam Cooke showed soul music too during the 1950's. Johnny Cash, and other people were involved in country and rock sounds as well. R&B bands like The Platters, the Drifters, the Dells, and other people were highly popular. Teen life was expressed. Increasingly, the music, the movies, and the fashion were geared to teens and young adults. Jazz is an American genre at its soul. By the 1950's, we saw artists like John Coltrane, Thelonious Monk, Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bill Evans, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughn, Billie Holiday, and Dinah Washington shown some of the greatest sounds of all time. American folk music revived itself during the decade too with artists like The Weavers, Pete Seeger, etc. An increasingly amount of people saw televisions and movies. Movies were found in America, Europe, Japan, and in other places worldwide. Films like Edge of the City, Carmen Jones, The Boe, Shane, Ben-Hur, Seven Samurai, Porgy and Bess, Imitation of Life, The Ten Commandments, East of Eden, The Jackie Robinson Story, and The Bright Road dealt with religion, race, sex, fiction, autobiographical information, and the wide diversity of the human experience. Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Maya Angelou, Sidney Poitier, Marlon Brando, Humprey Bogart, Ruby Dee, Ossie Davis, Cicely Tyson, Juanita Moore, and other people were on the screen outlining their talents. Many actors and actresses suffered massive turmoil, some lived blessed life, and some loved the art of acting. In fashion, many women wore dresses and other clothes. Men wore pants, leather jackets, and hats. Jackie Robinson, Willie Mays, Mickey Mantle, and Sugar Ray Robinson were legendary athletes of the 1950's too. Literature was prominent with people like Ernest Hemingway and Ralp Ellison's Invisible Man. Casino Royale was a book written by Ian Fleming (who was involved in the books about James Bond).
Involving computing systems, times have changed. We have seen computing systems over the course of thousands of years now. We saw clocks that showed the sense of the passage of planets and the Moon. Now, we have advanced smartphones. These smartphones now have Super Retina XDR Display with ProMotion, super responsive systems, a Cermaic Shield, a pro-Camera system, macro photography, night mode, cinematic mode (to form movies), A15 Bionic chips, superfast 5G, higher battery life, and other parts that make smartphones more advanced than old school personal computers. Computers and smartphones have been part of everyday life in a wide-reaching fashion. Laptops and PCs (like Asus, HP, Intel, etc.) have gone into leaps and bounds in terms of technological advancements. You have PCs now with stylus, dual screens, empowered batteries, and other systems (like Intel's new core microarchitectures) unheard of even 20 years ago. So, as STEM marches forward with computing system, we must make another crucial point. It is important to allow people, who less resources, to gain that opportunity to gain more understanding of STEM Fields too. One of the greatest proponents of this goal has been Dr. Mae Jemison. She has toured the nation of American and the world to promote the truth that minorities and women should be given access to STEM fields. This is part of our destinies as human beings, because to grow our standard of living, we have to include all people in the process of creating human liberation. We are dealing with challenging times from viruses to social, political, and economic problems. Yet, we have the power to solve these problems with the inspiration from God. In the end, we shall be victorious. It is our responsibility to work relentlessly to achieve our aim of freedom and justice for all.
Since January 20, 2021, the Biden administration has existed. Since, we have approached almost one year since his Presidency, it is right during this time that it must be evaluated fairly. So far, we have seen the duality of massive changes in society along with other abrupt developments. We have witnessed some of the most progressive laws being passed by Biden in dealing with jobs and the infrastructure of America along with the spread of the omnicon strand of the coronavirus. We have seen child poverty cut in half along with no federal legislation dealing with voting rights and police brutality accountability being enacted. The lack of voting rights and police accountability federal law have caused people to have legitimate anger at the stalemate by Congress on those issues. Moderates and far right people are in unison in not wanting a real power voting rights law that ends state voter suppression laws. So, the first year of the Biden administration is filled with a mixture of results. What is consistent is the far-right extremism shown by the GOP. Many GOP members have not only promoted violence like Trump, but some have whitewashed the terrorist events in 1/6 (when terrorists destroyed property and harmed human lives at the U.S. Capitol with racists waving anti-Semitic plus Confederate flags at the vicinity). Some GOP members have shown overtly racist, sexist, and Islamphobic comments with little criticism made by GOP members in Congress. Therefore, the Biden administration is part of a new era after the deceptive Reagan Revolution, and we have to reckon with the facts along with advancing that same goal of justice for everybody.
By Timothy
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