The common misconception is that education doesn't matter, or it only involves a 4-year college. The truth is that education is very diverse, and education is always important in the Universe. It can include a graduate college, a community college, trade schools, a 4 year college, an IT school, and other institutions allowing human beings to experience their own form of liberty and happiness. Education will always be important forever, because education gives human beings tools to be doctors, lawyers, scholars, teachers, athletes, musicians, and other legitimate participants in society. Education is about learning concepts, applying concepts in everyday life, and analyzing themes in order to creatively developing your own style. As Albert Einstein and others have said, you learn so you can teach people what you know in easy to understand terms. Doing that makes a great difference in helping humanity grow intellectually and socially. Education is beyond random memorization of definitions or words. It is about analyzing what you know, so you can build on established definitions to realize the bigger picture. The big picture is that we have this right to justice, and the establishment have a long history of trying to suppress human rights. Therefore, we should do our parts to not only expand human rights. We must make sure that real education is found among the masses of the people collectively. Part of this education is about promoting the beauty of Blackness, loving diversity, and realizing that our intrinsic value is priceless. There is nothing wrong with being born with what we are. There is something wrong with imperfections and evils in society that ought to be rectified. Education has been part of the human cultural tradition for thousands of years. True education always deals with the basics of math, language, technology, science, art, athletics, and growing positive economic including social connections among the human race. According to the U.S. Department of Education, HBCUs provided undergraduate training for 75% of Black Americans holding a doctorate degree, 75% of all Black Officers in the armed forces, and 80% of all Black federal judges. Some of our greatest leaders in human history have either been educated in universities, educated by family and friends, or educated by being self-taught. Historically Black Colleges and Universities have certainly been on the forefront in allowing tons of black people to reach their goals to change the world for the better. The value of education truly is always sacrosanct.
To start, in the beginning, the roots of Historically Black Colleges came from the Motherland of Africa. The origin of the human race is in Africa, so the motivation of educational excellence originated from Africa indeed. Later, our ancestors lived in America via the Maafa. We suffered unspeakable atrocities, but that never stopped our spirits. Before the American Civil War, many HBCUs were in existence across America. Back then, black slaves were forbidden to read and write. The reason is that racists didn't want black people to rise up to end the tyranny of slavery. Yet, many black people in bondage did read and write. Many early HBCUs were established like Cheyney University of Pennsylvania in 1837, the University of the District of Columbia (then known as the Miner School for Colored Girls in 1851), and the Lincoln University in 1854. The Cheyney University of Pennsylvania was formed by the Quaker Richard Humphreys as the oldest HBCU of higher education in America. One famous alumna was the educator and civil rights activist Josephine Silone Yates.
We know about the famous Wilberforce University. It was formed in 1856 via a collaboration between the African Methodist Episcopal Church of Ohio and the mostly white Methodist Episcopal Church. Wilberforce University was owned and operated by African Americans. In 1862, the Lemoyne-Owen College was formed in Memphis by the United Church of Christ. In 1864, Wayland Seminary was formed, and it merged with Richmond Institute to become Virginia Union University. In fact, most HBCUs were started by free black Americans and philanthropists (funded by religious groups like the American Missionary Association and the African Methodist Episcopal Church). Exactly 5 months after the end of the Civil War, Atlanta University, now Clark Atlanta University, was founded on September 19, 1865, as the first Historically Black College in the Southern United States of America. Atlanta University was the first graduate institution to award degrees to African Americans in the nation and the first to award bachelor's degrees to African Americans in the South. Clark College in 1869 was the nation's first four-year liberal arts college to serve African American students. The two universities consolidated in 1988 to form Clark Atlanta University. Shaw University was founded on December 1, 1865, and it was the 2nd HBCU to be established in the South. The year 1865 also saw the foundation of Stoner College (1865-1955) in Harper's Ferry, West Virginia. Storer's former campus and building have been incorporated into Harpers Ferry National Historical Park. During the early era of the HBCUs, they educated the children of formerly enslaved people and taught other Black Americans.
In 1862, the federal government's Morrill Act provided for land grant colleges in each state. Some educational institutions established under the Morrill Act in the North and West were open to black human beings. Yet, 17 states, almost all in the South, required their post-Civil War systems to be segregated and excluded black students from their land grant colleges. In response, Congress passed the second Morrill Act of 1890. This was known as the Agricultural College Act of 1890, requiring states to establish a separate land grant college for black people if black people were excluded from the existing land grant college. Many of the HBCUs were founded by states to satisfy the Second Morrill Act. These land grants schools continue to receive annual federal funding for their research, extension, and outreach activities. In 1866, Edward Waters College was made in Jacksonville, Florida by the AME Church. Fisk University was founded in the same year in Nashville, Tennessee. The Fisk Jubilee Singers toured to raise money for the institution. In 1866, Lincoln Institute was formed in Jefferson City, Missouri, and Rust College in Holly Springs, Mississippi was opened (One of its most famous alumna was Ida B. Wells). Hampton University was founded in 1868, and it was once called Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. Booker T. Washington graduated from Hampton University, and he formed the Tuskegee Institute later on.
By the early 20th century, we saw many black colleges and universities promoting athletics among black people. Sports were rapidly growing in state universities, but very few black stars were recruited there. There were newspapers that praised athletic successes. Black schools hired coaches, recruited and featured stellar athletes. Leagues were formed too. In 1935, Norfolk State University was created. It was originally called the Norfolk Unit of Virginia State University. Later, Norfolk State University would grow as the prominent HBCU of the Hampton Roads region along with Hampton University. By the 1930's, many Jewish intellectuals fled Europe after the rise of Hitler and anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany. Many of them found work teaching in historically black colleges. By 1933, it was a hard year for many Jewish academics who wanted to escape oppressive Nazi policies. The Nazis in Germany banned them of their positions in universities. Jewish people couldn't find work in other European countries because of the Spanish Civil War and antisemitism in general in Europe. In America, they continued their academic careers. They found little success in mostly white universities because of the antisemitism. So, we black people are a loving people. Therefore, more than 2/3s of the faculty hired them at many HBCUs from 1933 to 1945. HBCUs wanted Jewish professors to have the opportunity to show their skills in education. HBCUs always believe in diversity and giving folks opportunities no matter the race, religion, or country of origin. Giving people like women and black people open spaces to study is always important. HBCUs made substantial contributions to the U.S. war effort during WWII. For example, the Tuskegee University in Alabama was where the Tuskegee Airmen trained and attended classes.
To learn about Generations fully, you have to look at themes and concepts chronologically. One of the early generations of the 20th century was the Lost Generation. This was a time when people were born from 1883 to 1900. These are the group of young people who lived through the horrors of WWI. They saw early adulthood during World War I. Many of the survivors of the war were so traumatized by the violence and death of WWI, that some people of this generation felt disillusioned about life. Some American expatriate writers came into Paris during the 1920's. Getrude Stein coined the term of the Lost Generation. It was popularized by the author Ernest Hemingway found in his 1926 novel called The Sun Also Rises. The ost Generation existed after the Industrial Revolution. They were media consumers, literate, and had conservative social vlaues for the most part. They lived during the Spanish flu pandemic and saw the Roaring Twenties. The Roaring Twenties was a cultural revolution in America which was a prelude to the counterculture of the 1960's. The Roaring Twenties saw the Harlem Renaissance, new types of movies, sports stars, the growth of the Mafia in America, and new prosperity for many human beings in America. It also saw massive anti-black race riots that killed tons of innocent black Americans too. The Lost Generation saw the Great Depression with many of their children going into World War II as soldiers, nurses, mail cariers, etc. The last survving person, who was known to have been born during the 19th century, died in 2018. Folks who passed away during this generation were poets like Isaac Rosenberg, Rupert Brooke, Edward THomas, and Wilfred Owen. Composer George Butterworth and physicist Henry Moseley passed away during this era too.
When the Lost Generation grew up, their families were heavily patriarchal with the man being the breadwinner and primary authority figure. The wife took care of the home and children. Not to mention that many generations would share a home which was common back in the day. Rich households had domestic workers in them like maids. There were more laws to address child abuse, child labor, and other terrible work conditions in the world. Beating children was still commonplace. By the late 19th century and early 20th century, sewer systems, subway systems, and other infrastructure were modernized to stop the spread of disease like cholera. Electricity was slower and gas lights plus candles were still used. Children had penny toys and teddy boys and other toys. Many women worked in industrial jobs during WWI. After the war, women's suffrage existed. There was massive economic instability in places of the world too. When the Lost Generation became middle aged, they witness World War II and other chaos in the world. The radio educated people and inspired people to defeat the Axis Powers. By the 1950's and 1960's, the Lost Generation were in their senior years. They had retirement and saw a world massively changing. Most people of this generation lived to their late 60's and early 70's. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby captured the richer people in The Lost Generation filled with excess and wealth. Many of the famous Lost Generation members were F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway, T. S. Elio, Ezra Pound, Jean Rhys, and Sylvia Beach.
After the Lost Generation, there was the Greatest Generation (or the World War II Generation). These human beings were born from 1901 to 1927. They were shaped heavily by the Great Depression and they were heavily participants in World War II. The title of this generation was popularized by the 1998 book from American journalist Tom Brokaw called "The Greatest Generation." This generation came of age when the country of America suffered bread lines, and they grew up to defeat the Nazis and the rest of the Axis Powers during the bloodiest war in human history being World War II. This generation has also been classified as the G.I. Generation from authors William Strauss and Neil Howe in their 1991 book entitled, "Generations: The History of America's Future." G.I. stands for the Americans soldiers during World War II. The members of this generation in their youth saw the Progressive Era, WWI, The Roaring Twenties, and WWII along with the Spanish Flu pandemic. When they were children, they saw the radio, cars, and other inventions. They watched TV during their adulthood. The G.I. Generation witnessed the Golden Age of old school Hollywood. As children, teens, and adults, they saw comedies, musical films, comedy films, and monster films plus gangster films. The films shown on the TCM network are readily witnessed by that generation. Comic books like Superman and Batman were read by them. Also, they sang and participated in jazz, blues, gospel music, folk music, and swing jazz. The Swing Generation was related to the WWII generation with fashion, music, and dancing. When the WWII Generation were in their adulthood, tons of people in the Greatest Generation would listen to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's fireside chats about the news of the day. World War II transformed everything in the world. The technology that we see today and the social changes present now came as a product of WWII.
Women of the G.I. Generation saw more job opportunities from working in factories to having more corporate jobs. Black Americans and other persons of color had the same opportunities too. Economic expansion existed, and people of this generation fought for civil rights and equality too. Malcolm X was part of the G.I. Generation. He was older than Dr. King. Dr. King was part of the Silent Generation. After WWII, the G.I. Generation gave birth to 76 million babies from 1946 to 1964 which is unprecedented in American history. The G.I. Bill helped to subsidized families. Many people of that time lived in the suburbs, were conservative, and dealt with the Cold War. Some members of this generation served in the Korean War. The Second Red Scare existed too. Sexism and racism plus other forms of oppression existed massively during that time period too. The first member of the Greatest Generation to be elected President was President John F. Kennedy. JFK led a Space Race against the Soviets. LBJ was part of this generation who promoted his progressive Great Society programs that helped millions of the American people. When this generation faced middle age, they saw the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, the Watergate scandal, and the generational culture clash that continues to this very day in 2022. Many people of that generation saw WWII, so they became super patriotic. Some didn't understand how many of the youth and progressives were against the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War was an unjust war, because North Vietnam was no threat to America, the war could have been solved easily by peaceful negotiation as early as 1945, it stripped resources from America that could be better used to fight poverty and racism, the war harmed black lives disproportioned to the black American total population, and the Gulf of Tonkin resolution was based on a lie. This generation continued to be heavily conservative in older age like George H. W. Bush. President Jimmy Carter is the last surviving President from the Greatest Generation. Many have been treated for COVID-19 like the 104-year-old man Lee Wooten. Queen Elizabeth II is a member of the generation. Many British people survived the Blitz or when Nazi bombs killed British people and destroyed buildings during WWII. People of this generation saw the growth of the independence of African and Asian nations and other massive changes in the world.
The Silent Generation was after the G.I. Generation and just before the Baby Boomers. The Silent Generation included people who were born from 1928 to 1945. There were about 23 million people of the Silent Generation in America as of 2019. This generation was smaller because during the Great Depression and WWII, Americans had fewer children. These people are noted for their leadership roles in the Civil Rights movement, forming modern day rock and roll of the 1950's, and being part of people who saw massive cultural changes in America. The Silent Generation as a term came from Time Magazine in a November 5, 1951, article entitled, "The Younger Generation." These human beings were young adults during the McCarthy Era. Many people in that generation didn't speak out against McCarthy's extremism and violations of the freedom of speech. This generation had strict childhoods in America, Canada, and the UK too. As children, they experienced the Great Depression firsthand, while their parents reveled in the highs of the Roaring Twenties. They saw WWII and many lost their fathers and older siblings in the war. Many of them witnessed the start of the Cold War. By their adulthood, many of them married and had children. They gave birth to the Baby Boomers. Some waited to have children later to give birth to the Generation X generation. Many of them had divorces too, because the stigma of divorce rapidly declined by the 1960's and 1970's. Other people of the Silent Generation rebelled and fought oppression are Nina Simone, Jerry Rubin, Muhammad Ali, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jesse Jackson, Joan Baez, Berry Gordy, Aimir Baraka, and other human beings. The Beat Generation were originated in the Silent Generation.
Adaeze Cadet is one of the greatest architects of the 21st century. It is definitely fitting to show her story to the people. She is a black woman architect who wants to inspire others in architecture careers too, especially among black women. She was raised in Sacramento, California. Later, she is the LA-based Principal and Design Director at the renowned architecture firm of HKS. She earned her Master's Degree. At the age of 9, when she was playing with LEGO blocks, she told her family that she wanted to be an architect when she grows up. Her mother took her to open houses to study the designs of them. She brought her architecture books in order to study further in the field of architecture. She couldn't find architects looking like a black person or a woman years ago. She was motivated to promote representation and diversity in her field of work. Cadet transferred to the HBCU of Prairie View A&M University to further her studies. The professors at the school supported her. Classmates expressed camaraderie with her. HKS is an international architecture and design firm. Adaeze Cadet is the first black woman Principal ever at HKS. Her Master's Degree came from Prairie View in Architecture. She overseen multi-family units, hotels, and resorts. She overcame the racism and sexism found in her job. She never gave up. There is the J.E.D.I. Council or the Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion council. She wants BIPOC people and women to achieve leadership roles in architecture occupations. BIPOC is an acronym meaning Black, Indigenous, and People of Color. Her recent projects are Robertson Lane in West Hollywood and Japser in San Franscisco, including the Two Tower Residences in Bellevue, Washington.
Beverly Lorraine Greene was one of the greatest, unsung architects in human history. She lived from October 4, 1915 to August 22, 1957. She was the first African American woman licensed as an architect in the United States according to architectural editor Dereck Spurlock Wilson. By 1942, she was registered as an architect. She was born in Chicago, Illinois, and she passed away in New York City. Greene earned her bachelor's degree in architectural engineering in 1936 from the racially integrated University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign (UIUC). She was involved in the drama club called Cenacle and was a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Housing Authority returned to Chicago. She registered with the State of Illinois on December 28, 1942. She had a master's degree at Columbia University from architecture in 1945. She was in the firm of Isadore Rosefield. Later, she worked in a project to build the theater at the University of Arkansas in 1952. She dealt with designs for UNESCO United Nations Headquarters in Prais. Some of the buildings for the University Heights Campus of New York University was worked on by her. Both projects were completed after Greene's death. Her memorial service took place at the Unity Funeral Home in Manhattan, one of the buildings that she had designed.
One of the important concepts in Biblical prophecy is Daniel's 70th week. It is found in the book of Daniel, and it's related to the prophecies of the book of Revelation too. The verses describing the 70 weeks are in the following verses:
"Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most Holy. Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times. And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined. And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate” (Daniel 9:24-27).
The events from Revelation 6-19 are not shown in a linear, sequential order. The 7 Seals, the 7 Trumpets, and the 7 vials are three separate visions of the tribulation period. They 7 Seals encompass the whole 70th week of Daniel 9, with the first two immediately preceding (the 1st seal being the Antichrist's rise to political power and the 2nd seal being a world wide war that precipitates the covenant of Daniel 9:27. The 7th Seal goes immediately after the period. The trumpets and vials occur only in the later half of that week. Daniel's 70th week was a message sent to the prophet Daniel from God via the angel Gabriel. The message is about future world events. In Daniel 9:24, the angel Gabriel tells Daniel that with the completely of the 70 weeks, the Messianic Age will begin. Prophetic scholars believe this to be a 490 year period (as 70 X 7 = 490 years). Yet, before the Messiah the prince will be cut off. The cut according to scholars refer the ca. 33 A.D. when the Messiah was crucified and rose from the dead. his corresponds with the close of 69 weeks (69x7) or 483 years. From the command of the King of Persia, Artexerxes, who gave word to Nehemiah (Neh. 2:8) to rebuild the walls and gates of Jerusalem (Daniel 9:25), to the killing of Messiah the prince, was 69 weeks or 483-years. In Daniel 9:26, Gabriel informs Daniel after the Messiah the prince is killed the Temple and Jerusalem would be destroyed by a group of people. The people who came were the Romans, linking the future prince or ruler to the Roman empire. The 69th week closes with Messiah the prince being cutoff, but the 70 weeks are not yet complete. The killing of the Messiah stopped the prophetic clock, before it was completed. There is one week or seven-year period remaining. This seven-year period begins with the confirming of a covenant with many regarding a future Jewish Temple. The 70th Week of Daniel’s 70 weeks is a seven-year period, which begins with the agreement between the prince who is to come and Israel allowing the Jewish Temple to be rebuilt.
The Statue of Liberty has a long history. It's a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in the New York Harbor in New York City. It is the cooper statue being a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States of America. It was designed by the French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi (a Freemason too). The metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel. It was dedicated on October 28, 1886. The statue is a figure of Libertas or the robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed JULY IV MDCCLXXVI (July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken shackle and chain lie at her feet as she walks forward, commemorating the recent national abolition of slavery. After its dedication, the statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, seen as a symbol of welcome to immigrants arriving by sea.
Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician, Édouard René de Laboulaye, who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples. The Franco-Prussian War delayed progress until 1875, when Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal. Bartholdi completed the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions.
The torch-bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World, started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar (equivalent to $29 in 2020). The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland. The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service as part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, and is a major tourist attraction. Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred since 1916. It is important to note that Edouard Rene de Laboulaye was President of the French Anti-Slavery Society (who was an important thinker). Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War, is supposed to have said: "If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort—a common work of both our nations."
By Timothy
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