Events of Our Time.

 

 

In 2005, many songs were popular like Mario's Let Me Love You, and Candy Shop by 50 Cent featuring Olivia. Let Me Love You was Mario's first number one single that was number one for nine consecutive weeks. This is the year where many pop artists used hip hop beats like Gwen Stefani (who had music with the hip hop artist Eve too) with her song Hollaback Girl with Pharrell handling the beats. Mariah Carey made her 2000s anthem hit of We Belong Together around this time. Inside Your Heaven was sang by country singer Carrie Underwood. Gold Digger was a popular song made by Kanye West and Jamie Foxx. Don't Forget About Us was a great song by Mariah Carey, and Chris Brown released the song Run It! early in his career. In 2005, Ciara had the song of 1,2 Step with Missy Elliot. Robbie Williams released the song of Advertising Space and tatu released music. Bad Day was the song shown by Daniel Powter. Because of You was released by Kelly Clarkson and Jesse McCarthy too. Weezer had the song of Beverly Hills and Big City Life by Mattafix. KT Tunstall had music. Boulevard of Broken Dreams was released by Green Day. Beyonce was becoming more popular with the song of Check on It featuring Slim Thug. Collide was the song made by Howie Day. Gorillaz had the song of Dare. Britney Spears had the song of Do Somethin' and Shakira had the song of Don't Bother. In 2005, Black Eyed Peas has many hits with Fergie. P__cat Dolls had the song with Busta Rhymes with Don't You. The Chemical Brothers released the song of Galvanize. Music came from Melanie C, Coldplay, Daddy Yankee (with Gasolina), Jennifer Lopez with Get Right, and The Backstreet Boys had the song of Incomplete. Simon Webbe had the song of Lay Your Hands. Moby had the song Life Me Up. Akon released the song of Lonely. Long Night was released by The Corrs. Eminem released music. Ludacris and Ciara had the song Oh, Ashanti had the song Only You, and Nickelback had the song of PHograp. Anastacia had the song of Pieces of a Dream. Rihanna just come out with Pon De Replay in the year of 2005 too. Jay Z quickly signed her. Push the Bottom was made by Sugabees. Shriver was released by Natalie Imbruglia. Signs was shown by Snoop, Charlie Wilson, and Justin Timberlake. Kelly Clarkson had the popular song of Since U Been Gone. Solider was the song released by Destiny's Child with Lil' Wayne. 2005 would be the time of Destiny's Child last group album. Speed of Sound was made by Coldplay. Jessica Simpson, Natasha Bedingfield, and other people shown music too including other people like Sean Paul, Lifehouse, James Blunt, Westlife, etc.

In 2006, past artists and new artists rose up. Grillz was the song shown by Nelly Paul Wall, Ali, and Gipp. Laffy Taffy was shown by D4L. So Sick was released by Ne-Yo. Ne-Yo is one of the greatest songwriters of the 21st century. He is that talented. Rihanna had the hit of SOS. Ridin which is about exposing police harassment of people was shown by Chamillionaire and Krayzie Bone. Hips Don't Lie is self-explanatory being released by Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean. London Bridge was the single released by Fergie. Nelly Furtado went into the pop and hip-hop route with the song Promiscuous with Timbaland (one of the greatest producers of all time). Taylar Hicks had the song of Do I Make You Proud. Justin Timberlake made the song SexyBack. This comes after Justin arrogantly and falsely said that he brought sexy back. Prince responded that sexy never left, and Prince was right. I Wanna Love You was made by Akon and Snoop Dogg. Ludacris and Pharrell had the hit of Money Maker. Beyonce made the song of Irreplaceable. In 2006, Leona Lewis had a hit called A Moment Like This, Christina Aguilera had that song of A'int No Other Man, and Nelly Furtado had the song of All Good Things (Come to an End including Maneater), and Mary J. Blige had the song of Be Without You. Will.i.am. had the producing of new songs. Call Me When You're Sober was released by Evanescence, Snow Patrol had the song of Chasing Cars. This is the time when Nicole Scherzinger made her own solo career with the song Come to Me with P. Diddy. Simon Webbe had the song of Coming Around Again. The 2000's anthem of Crazy was made by Granls Barkley (or Ceelo and Producer Danger Mouse). Dani California was made by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Beyonce had her song of Deja Vu with Jay Z in 2006. Nerina Pallot, Cascanda, Nickelback, Fergie, Madonna (with song Get Together including Jump), James Blunt, Flipsyde with Piper (of Happy Birthday), The Fray (How to Save a Life), and Anastacia made music. This time saw Cassie come out and The All-American Rejects with their songs too. In 2006, Corrine Bailey Rae had the song of Put Your Records On. Robbie Williams, Monrose, Pink, Coldplay, Fort Minor, Nick Lashey, John Mayer, Keyshia Cole, and other people released music. Chris Brown had the song of Excuse Me, Chris Cornell had the song of You Know My Name, and Gwen Stefani had the song Wind It Up. 

By 2007, Beyonce solidified herself as the top pop entertainer of the world. Mims had the song of This is Why I'm Hot. Glamorous was the song of Fergie and Ludacris. Don't Matter was the record done by Akon. Give It To Me was the controversial song done by Timbaland, Nelly Furtado, and Justin Timberlake. Girlfriend was a song released by Avril Lavigne. Makes Me Wonder was done by Maroon 5, T-Pain and Yung Joc made music, and Plain White T's had the song of Hey There Delilah. The song of Rihanna with Jay Z called Umbrella was very significant globally. Umbrella made Rihanna into an explicit superstar in the music industry by 2007. Sean Kingston had the song of Beautiful Girls, Big Girls Don't Cry was made by Fergie, and Crank That was released by Souja Boy. Kanye West made Stronger to further establish himself as a hip hop superstar. Kiss Kiss was the song by Chris Brown and T-Pain that grown both of their career. One of the most popular songs of Alicia Keys's career was No One. Fiest had the song of 1234, James Blunt released the song of 1973, Kyle Minogue released 2 Hearts, and Gwen Stefani had the song of 4 in the Morning. Sugabees had the song of About You Know. Calvin Harris, OneRepublic, Timbaland, 50 Cent made Ayo Technology (with Justin Timberlake), and Beyonce plus Shakira made Beautiful Liar. Ne-Yo had the record of Because of You. Maximo Park, Basshunter, Colby Caillat, Christina Aguilera, Gym Class Heroes, and Alex Gaudino with Crystal Waters had the song of Destination Calabria. Enrique Iglesias made the song of Do You Know, Rihanna had the song of Don't Stop the Music, Newton Faulkner had the song of Dream Catch Me, and Britney Spears had the song of Gimmie More. David Guetta had music too with Chris Willis called Love is Gone. This is the year where more techno beats existed in mainstream music. Cascanda had the song of Miracle. Finger Eleven, Cherry Ghost, Amy MacDonald, and Amy Winehouse made music (like Rehab). Natasha Bedingfield, Ville Valo, Billy Talent, and Jordin Sparks (made Tattoo), etc. had released music. Fall Out Boy and Christina Aguilera (with Diddy in the song of Tell Me), and Calvin Harris released music. The Pretender from Foo Fighters existed and Gwen Stefani had the Great Escape with Akon. Keri Hilson made her music video debut with The Way I Are with Timbaland. Keri Hilson is an underrated songwriter too. Linkin Park released What I've Done. Robyn with Kleerup had the song of With Every Heartbeat.  Amy Winehouse mase songs that predicted what her life was in You Know I'm no Good. 

In 2008, times would change involving music. There was more pop inspired music like Flo Rida with T-Pain with Low. Love in This Club was done by Usher and Young Jezzy. The singing UK superstar had the song of Bleeding Love. Mariah Carey shown Touch My Body. Lil Wayne with Static Major released Lollipop. Rihanna shown Take a Bow. Viva la Vida was shown by Coldplay. Katy Perry released music. Rihanna shown Distrubia which was the start of a massive change in Rihanna's style being more edgy. TI had the song of Whatever You Like. Pink had So What using the rock sound. Live Your Life was a song by Ti and Rihanna. Britney Spears had the song of Womanizer, and Beyonce sang the anthem of Single Ladies (Put a Ring on it). 4 Minutes was the song with Madonna and Justin Timberlake. Music existed from A Fine Frenzy, Kid Rock, Madcon, etc. Estelle had the song of American Boy, and Leona Lewis had another hit called Better in Time. Circus was released by Britney Spears, Closer was shown by Ne-Yo, Crush was released by David Archuleta. Chasing Pavements was an early song made by Adele. Adele would grown to create her own legacy. Sugabees had the song of Denial. Moby had the song of Disco Lies. More unique songs were released by Shaggy, Daughtry, Chris Brown (with Forever), Leona Lewis (with Forgive Me), and Madonna with Give It 2 Me. Kanye West had the some of Homecoming and Adele had Hometown Glory. Katy Perry had the song of Hot and Cold. Music from the Killer, P__cat Dolls, Beyonce (with her song of If I Were a Boy), Lenny Kravitz, Jason Mraz, and Kylie Minoque had music. Lady Gaga had the superhit of Just Dance starting her career into the next level. Christina Aguilera had Just Getting Better. Linkin Park released more music. The merging of genres is found in the song Let It Rock with Kevin Rudolf and Lil Wayne. Love Song was made by Sara Bareilles, and Taylor Swift started her career in the mainstream with Love Story. Duffy had the song of Mercy, Ne-Yo had the song Miss Independent, Yael Naim had the song of New Soul, and No Air with Jordin Sparks and Chris Brown came out. Paper Planes came by M.I.A. Piece of Me was shown by Britney Spears. Pocketful of Sunshine was released by Natasha Bedingfield. Duffy made the song of Rain on Your Parade. Leona Lewis made the song Run. Timbaland worked with Keri Hilson and Nicole Scherzinger in the song Scream. More music came from Kings of Leon, Metro Station, The Killers (with Spaceman), Keane, New Kids on the Block, The Tings, Alesha Dixon, MGMT, and Mariah Carey with Touch my Body. Kelly Rowland had the song of Work. 

By 2009, Beyonce and Lady Gaga's music were high on the charts. Kelly Clarkson made music along with Eminem, Dr. Dre,and 50 Cent. Flo Rida made the pop hit of Right Round. Lady Gaga made Poker Face. The Black Eyed Peas in 2009 had the song of Boom Boom Pow and I Gotta Feeling. Down was the song done by Jay Sean and Lilm Wayne. Britney Spears released the song of 3. Jason Derulo had the song of Whatcha Say. Owl City had Fireflies and Jay Z plus Jay Z had the anthem of Empire State of Mind. Already Gone was released by Kelly Clarkson, and Alexandra Burke released Bad Boys. In 2009, Lady Gaga released Bad Romance making her come into the next level of stardom. Jordin Sparks had the song of Battlefield. Akon, Colby O'Donis, and Kardinal Offishall had the song of Beautiful. Jeremih, Robbie Williams, Taio Cruz, James Morrison, Nelly Furtado, La Roux, Madonna, Daniel Meriweather, and Mando Diao released songs. Kid Cudi shown music. Dead and Gone was done by TI and Justin Timberlake. Alexander Ryback, Colbie Caillat, Cheryl Cole, Kasbian, Owl Cit, A-Ha, and Pink (with Funhouse) represent a new ear. Leona Lewis released Happy and Beyonce released Halo. Pitbull made club hits. Keri Hilson made her song of I Like. Marit Larsen, Britney Spears, AR Rahman, Snow Patrol, and Green Day (with Know Your Enemy) made tons of songs. Ciara shown songs during 2009 too. Pixie Lott, Nelly Furtado, Timbaland (had the song of Morning After Dark), Linkin Park (released New Divide), Lilly Allen, Mariah Carey (with Obsessed), and Miley Cyrus released Party in the USA. Kesha released music too. Rihanna had Run This Town and Russian Roulette. Beyonce had Sweet Dreams. By the end of 2009, we saw the prelude of what the 2010s would be filled with artists like Taylor Swift (Young Belong to Me), the Fray (with You Found Me), Kings of Leons, etc. 

 

 

The film Oppenheimer was released in 2023 being a description of one of the most important times in world history. For the first time in human history, human beings created a device that could destroy all human begins, all organisms, and the planet Earth in general. Human beings came a long way from living in villages to being in highly complex metropolitan places in just thousands of years. The question is how we morally deal with massive power and technology in a just fashion. Oppenheimer the film tries to investigate any answer to that poignant question. The movie was directed and written by Christopher Nolan, who is one of the most influential directors of the 21st century.  Based on the 2005 biography American Prometheus by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, the film chronicles the career of Oppenheimer, with the story predominantly focusing on his studies, his direction of the Manhattan Project during World War II, and his eventual fall from grace due to his 1954 security hearing. The film also stars Emily Blunt as Oppenheimer's wife "Kitty", Matt Damon as head of the Manhattan Project Leslie Groves, Robert Downey Jr. as U.S. Atomic Energy Commission member Lewis Strauss, and Florence Pugh as Oppenheimer's communist lover Jean Tatlock. The ensemble supporting cast includes Josh Hartnett, Casey Affleck, Rami Malek, and Kenneth Branagh. The film was announced in September 2021 after Universal Pictures won a bidding war for Nolan's screenplay, following Nolan's conflict with longtime distributor Warner Bros. Murphy was the first cast member to sign on the following month, with the rest of the cast joining between November 2021 and April 2022. Pre-production was under way by January 2022, and filming took place from February to May. Oppenheimer was filmed in a combination of IMAX 65 mm and 65 mm large-format film, including, for the first time, scenes in IMAX black-and-white film photography. Like his previous works, Nolan made extensive use of practical effects, with minimal computer-generated imagery used to perfect the former. Editing was handled by Jennifer Lame, and the score was composed by Ludwig Göransson. The film is Nolan's fourth to receive an R-rating in the United States, preceded by Following (1998), Memento (2000) and Insomnia (2002).

The film of Oppenheimer premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on July 11, 2023. It was  theatrically released in the United States and the United Kingdom on July 21 by Universal. Its simultaneous release with Warner Bros.'s Barbie led to the Barbenheimer cultural phenomenon, which encouraged audiences to see both films as a double feature. The film received critical acclaim and grossed under $947 million worldwide, becoming the third-highest-grossing film of 2023, the highest-grossing World War II-related film, the highest-grossing biographical film, and the second-highest-grossing R-rated film. The film started in 1926. This was when a 22-year-old doctoral student, J. Robert Oppenheimer deals with anxiety and homesickness while studying under experimental physicist Patrick Blackett at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. Upset with the demanding Blackett, Oppenheimer leaves him a poisoned apple but later retrieves it. Visiting scientist Niels Bohr recommends that Oppenheimer instead study theoretical physics at Göttingen.

He completes his PhD there and meets fellow scientist Isidor Isaac Rabi. They later meet theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg in Switzerland. Wanting to expand quantum physics research in the United States, Oppenheimer begins teaching at the University of California, Berkeley, and the California Institute of Technology. He marries Katherine "Kitty" Puening, a biologist and ex-communist, and has an intermittent affair with Jean Tatlock, a troubled Communist Party USA member who later commits suicide. 

In December 1938, nuclear fission is discovered, which Oppenheimer realizes could be weaponized. In 1942, during World War II, U.S. Army General Leslie Groves recruits Oppenheimer to lead the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb. Oppenheimer, who is Jewish, is particularly driven by the Nazis' potentially completing their nuclear weapons program, headed by Heisenberg.

He assembles a scientific team including Rabi and Edward Teller in Los Alamos, New Mexico, and also collaborates with scientists Enrico Fermi, Leo Szilard and David L. Hill at the University of Chicago. Teller's calculations reveal an atomic detonation could possibly trigger a catastrophic chain reaction that ignites the atmosphere. After consulting with Albert Einstein, Oppenheimer concludes the chances are acceptably low. Teller's proposal to construct a hydrogen bomb is swiftly rejected. He attempts to leave the project, though Oppenheimer convinces him to stay.

Following Adolf Hitler's death in 1945, some Project scientists question the bomb's relevance, while Oppenheimer believes it will end the ongoing war in the Pacific and save Allied lives. The Trinity test is successful, and President Harry S. Truman orders Hiroshima and Nagasaki to be bombed, forcing Japan's surrender. Though publicly praised, Oppenheimer is haunted by the mass destruction and fatalities, and urges restricting further nuclear weapons development, which Truman curtly dismisses. As an advisor to the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), Oppenheimer's stance generates controversy, while Teller's hydrogen bomb receives renewed interest amidst the burgeoning Cold War. AEC Chairman Lewis Strauss resents Oppenheimer for having publicly humiliated him by dismissing his concerns about exporting radioisotopes, and for recommending negotiations with the Soviet Union after they successfully detonated their own bomb. He also believes that Oppenheimer denigrated him during a conversation Oppenheimer had with Einstein in 1947.

In 1954, wanting to eliminate Oppenheimer's political influence, Strauss secretly orchestrates a private hearing before a Personnel Security Board concerning Oppenheimer's Q clearance. However, it becomes clear that the hearing has a predetermined outcome. Oppenheimer's past communist ties are exploited, and Groves' and other associates' testimony is twisted against him.

Teller testifies that he lacks confidence in Oppenheimer and recommends revocation. The board revokes Oppenheimer's clearance, damaging his public image and limiting his influence on nuclear policy. In 1959, during Strauss' Senate confirmation hearing for Secretary of Commerce, Hill testifies about Strauss' personal motives in engineering Oppenheimer's downfall, resulting in the Senate voting against his nomination.

In 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson presents Oppenheimer with the Enrico Fermi Award as a gesture of political rehabilitation. A flashback reveals that Oppenheimer and Einstein's 1947 conversation never mentioned Strauss. Oppenheimer instead expressed his somber belief that he had started a chain reaction that might destroy the world.

The film wanted to show Oppenheimer's persepective. Nolan said that Oppenheimer never publicly apologized for his role in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but he wanted Oppenheimer to be shown in the film to have guilt for his actions. Nolan wanted to not use computer generated graphics, so the filming involved the use of real explosives to recreate the Trinity nuclear test. The production team was able to obtain government permission to film at White Sands Missile Range, but only at highly inconvenient hours, and therefore chose to film the scene elsewhere in the New Mexico desert. The production filmed the Trinity test scenes in Belen, New Mexico, with Murphy climbing a 100-foot steel tower, a replica of the original site used in the Manhattan Project, in rough weather. A special set was built in which gasoline, propane, aluminum powder, and magnesium were used to create the explosive effect. Ludwig Göransson composed the score for the film, after doing so for Nolan's previous film, Tenet. Göransson's score was featured in a trailer for the film on May 8, 2023. It was also featured in the Universal Pictures exclusive five-minute Opening Look on July 13. Nolan had advised him to use the violin for Oppenheimer's central theme in the film, with Göransson remarking that he had felt that it could go from "the most romantic, beautiful tone in a split second to neurotic and heart wrenching, horror sounds." Most of he film was accurate but other parts weren't. Oppenheimer took his concerns about an unstoppable chain reaction to Arthur Compton, not Einstein. 

Oppenheimer was a film drama which proved to be one of Nolan's greatest works. The film was shot with IMAX cameras for a more thorough experience. The film is disturbing as the question of nuclear weapons is a matter of life and death for humanity. We are the only species on Earth with the capability to destroy all organisms on Earth. That is a sobering thought. The film leaves many people shaken. The war in Ukraine harken back to nuclear war threats. To the viewer, the Oppenheimer is not pro-war. The film discusses about science and the atomic blasts to come. During this time, there was the 1954 anti-communist witch hunt done by the AEC which violated human civil liberties. Oppenheimer has many left wing views that was hated by the far right. For eample, he supported the Spanish Republicans in the 1930's against the fascists an he had ties to the American Communist Party. There are debates on whether Oppenheimer was a member or not. His brother, sister in law, wife and lover were members. Niels Bohr refuses to create an atomic weapon. The H-bomb was supported by Edward Teller which is more powerful than the atomic bomb. Nolan's film disagrees with the McCarthyite witch hunts of scientists accused of disloyalty and spying for the Soviet Union (this witch hunt harmed actors writers, actresses, and Hollywood directors in clear violation of the First Amendment and the freedom of conscience). Despite the efforts of J. Edgar Hoover of the FBI and Strauss of the AEC, Oppenheimer was never accused of spying for the Soviet Union. At the time (during World War II), along with millions of others in the US, he viewed the Soviet Union as ally. The American Stalinists promoted the war and the US-Soviet alliance in the interests of Kremlin policy. The film wants to portray mostly Oppenheimer's perspective, but history is readily complex. 

Oppenheimer himself was a person with contradictions, so he wasn't exactly a complete hero. He was right to oppose the fascists in during the 1930s. Yet, he later cheered on the incineration of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He was an active member of the war machine after World War 2. By the early 1950s, while Oppenheimer, according to American Prometheus, “did not advocate the use of atomic weapons in Korea,” he did argue “that there was an ‘obvious need’ for small, tactical nuclear weapons that could be used on a battlefield. … Oppenheimer’s preference for tactical nuclear weapons as an antidote to genocidal warfare had unintended consequences. By ‘bringing the battle back to the battlefield,’ he was also making it more likely that nuclear weapons would actually be used.” World War II allied forces were right to stand up against the Axis Powers. There would be a struggle among power blocs for the control of the world. American capitalism used it industrial strength and reserves to fight Axis forces along with the existence of Roosevelt's reforms that helped millions of Americans. War crimes existed among both sides of the conflict. The Nazis did the Holocaust and many Japanese forces raped and murdered Chinese and Filipino human beings. Many Allied forces did the fire bombings of Dresden, Germany, and Tokyo which led to thousands of people murdered. The vile atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki murdered thousands of people. So, Oppenheimer had blood on his hands for being involved in the war crimes in Japan. The Allied forces defeating the Axis Powers was a good thing. Oppenheimer in the film admitted to the known socialist Albert Einstein that we might start a chain reaction that might destroy the whole world. Nolan's film of Oppenheimer is a warning that the horrors of nuclear weapons pose a serious threat to humanity in general and laissez faire, corrosive capitalism's legacy of destruction must be made clear. 

 

 

The human kidneys are one of the most important parts of the human body. The human kidneys are two reddish brown bean shaped blood filtering organs. It is part of a miltilobor, multipaillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without signs of external lobulation. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about 12 centimeters (4+1⁄2 inches) in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries, blood exits into the paired renal veins. Each kidney is attached to a ureter, a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder.

The kidney participates in the control of the volume of various body fluids, fluid osmolality, acid-base balance, various electrolyte concentrations, and removal of toxins. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus: one-fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered. Examples of substances reabsorbed are solute-free water, sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, and amino acids. Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen, ammonium, potassium and uric acid. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each adult human kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, while a mouse kidney contains only about 12,500 nephrons. The kidneys also carry out functions independent of the nephrons. For example, they convert a precursor of vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol; and synthesize the hormones erythropoietin and renin. 

By Timothy