To know about the history of the 2020 Olympics fully, you have to know about the history of Tokyo in a great extent. It is the largest city in Japan with almost 14 million people with almost 850 square miles. During ancient times, Tokyo was a small fishing village called Edo or part of the Musashi Province. The Edo clan fortified the location in the late 12th century. By 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved from Mikawa Province (his lifelong base) to the Kantō region. When he became shōgun in 1603, Edo became the center of his ruling. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century. But Edo was still the home of the Tokugawa shogunate and not the capital of Japan (the Emperor himself lived in Kyoto from 794 to 1868). During the Edo era, the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the Pax Tokugawa, and in the presence of such peace, Edo adopted a stringent policy of seclusion, which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city. Edo used its resources to rebuild itself from fires, earthquakes, and other natural disasters that harmed the city. Americans came to Japan via the American Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853. Perry forced the opening of the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate. This caused an increase of demand of new foreign goods and a high rise of inflation. That is why social unrest followed when higher prices existed. Rebellions and demonstrations continued when people smashed rice establishments. Supporters of the Meiji Emperor leveraged the disruption that these huge rebellious demonstrations were causing to consolidate power by overthrowing the last Tokugawa shōgun, Yoshinobu, in 1867. After 265 years, the Pax Tokugawa came to an end. In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo, and in accordance, the city was renamed Tokyo (meaning Eastern Capital). The city was divided into Yamanote and Shitamachi. Tokyo was already the nation's political and cultural center, and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was officially established on May 1, 1889.
The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line portion between Ueno and Asakusa was the first subway line built in Japan and East Asia by December 30, 1927. Central Tokyo, like Osaka, has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high density fashion. That is why suburban railways were build relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right of way. Tokyo had expressways and the basic design didn't change. Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which left 140,000 dead or missing; and World War II. By 1943, the city of Tokyo merged with the prefecture of Tokyo to create the Metropolitan Prefecture of Tokyo.
Since then, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo, as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo, for what had previously been Tokyo City. World War II wreaked widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed. The deadliest night of the war came on March 9–10, 1945, the night of the American "Operation Meetinghouse" raid; as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city, mainly in heavily residential wards. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were demolished, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured. Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes living in "ramshackle, makeshift huts."
After WWII, Douglas MacArthur administered Japan for 6 years. It rebuilt itself with government programs. By the 1950's, its economic grown was fast. The occupation of Japan ended in 1952. Later, they hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics to show their vitality. This caused more developments in the 1970's and the 1980's. Tokyo had the Sunshine 60 skyscraper in 1978, the Narita International Airport, and other buildings. Now, the Tokyo subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo. However, due to Tokyo's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami, although activity in the city was largely halted. Tokyo continues to grow after centuries of its existence. Tourism is popular in the midst of a global pandemic. Japanese culture has been diffused worldwide, including in the United States of America.
The computer is one of the greatest inventions in human history along with the I Phone. They have changed the world in enumerable ways from research in health to develop new technologies in the 21st century. Monitoring the weather and evaluating health are all utilized by these advanced devices constantly. Computing technology has existed for thousands of years. A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Modern computers can do generic sets of operations called programs. These programs can enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. Modern computers have hardware, an operating system (or main software), and peripheral equipment needed and used for full operation purposes. There are computer networks or a computer cluster that have helped humanity for decades. Computers are diverse too. They can be simple devices like microwave ovens and remote controls. Also, we have industrial robots, mobile devices, and personal computers too. From the abacus, to the semiconductor transistors, and to the microchip, the development of computing systems have been one of the greatest achievements of human history. We know about the CPU, printers, joysticks, and keyboards. That is why things like the touchscreen and other innovations must be known for any lover of STEM including human beings in general of any background. The computer and the smartphone have special spaces in the Universe.
Computer systems have existed for thousands of years among human history. During ancient times, people used devices like the one to one correspondence with fingers. There was the Ishango bone, which was a math tool in Africa. People used a tally stick to count. Later, we saw clay spheres and cones. People counted livestock of grains. Also, there were the counting rods and the abacus. The Roman abacus was developed from devices used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money. There is the Chinese suanpan number representing large numbers on the Chinese abacus. Researchers like Derek J. de Solla Price believed that the discovered Antikythera mechanism is the earliest mechanical analog computer. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to c. 100 BC. Devices of a level of complexity comparable to that of the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until a thousand years later.
Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was created in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries B.C. said to be attributed to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was an effective analog computer working many different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. The astrolabe also with a mechanical calendar computer and gear wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Ishfahan, Persia in 1235. Abu Rayhan al-Biuni invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe (and an early fixed wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear wheels) in ca. 1000. There was the sector of a calculating instrument used to solve problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions (such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation). The planimeter was a manual instrument to calculate the area of a closed figure by tracing it over with a mechanical linkage.
The slide rule was created from ca. 1620-1630 by the English clergyman William Coughtred shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It was a hand operated analog computer doing multiplication and division. Advanced scales could do reciprocals, squares, square roots, cubes, and cube roots including transcendental functions (like logarithms, exponentials, circular plus hyperbolic trigonometry, and other functions). In the 1770s, Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automaton) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions. Along with two other complex machines, the doll is at the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, and still operates. In 1831–1835, mathematician and engineer Giovanni Plana devised a Perpetual Calendar machine, which, though a system of pulleys and cylinders and over, could predict the perpetual calendar for every year from AD 0 (that is, 1 BC) to AD 4000, keeping track of leap years and varying day length. The tide-predicting machine invented by the Scottish scientist Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location.
The differential analyzer is a mechanical analog computer to solve differential equations by integration. It used a wheel and disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876, Sir William Thomson had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators. In a differential analyzer, the output of one integrator drove the input of the next integrator, or a graphing output. The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work. Starting in the 1920s, Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers.
Princess Diana was a human being who was a prominent person of the 20th century. She has been respected by people the world over. Back then, many of us didn't know about the complex, multifaceted aspects of her longevity. In our time, we do understand much more of her mentality and diverse feelings about being involved with the Royal Family of the United Kingdom. Princess Diana was once married to Prince Charles of Wales, but she divorced him because of his adultery and feelings of emptiness in the relationship. She passed away on August 31, 1997, and I remember that day like yesterday. It was just before I was freshman at high school. Coverage of her passing didn't just last for days. It lasted for weeks and months. She lived a tumultuous childhood during the past to live an extraordinary adult life. Princess Diana loved her 2 children unconditionally, and she was a well known philanthropist. From helping people with HIV/AIDS, helping to fight mines, and to standing up against poverty, she displayed a great deal of human compassion during the course of her life. From showing empathy to those with mental health issues to promoting a wide spectrum of fashion, Princess Diana was an international icon. It is right to evaluate her life and legacy as one of the most prominent people of our generation indeed.
Ruby Dee represents a lot in our lives as the gold standard of a true actress who lived a life in love of social activism including film. For decades, she has been a civil rights leader, an actress, a poet, a playwright, a screenwriter, a journalist, and a wife including a mother. She was inspired by legends like Ella Baker. Also, Ruby Dee lived through 2 centuries from World War II to the time of the first African American President in American history. Ruby Dee won many awards, and she was married to Ossie Davis since 1948. Cleveland, Ohio was the city of her birth. Later, she was raised in Harlem, NYC. She graduated from Hunter College in a degree in Romance languages by 1948. She worked in the American Negro Theater with Sidney Poitier, Harry Belafonte, and Hilda Simms. She was in plays and films like The Jackie Robinson Story in 1950. She lead in the play of King Lear in 1965. Her roles in Edge of the City, A Raisin in the Sun, and Peyton Place showed her range and talent involving acting performances. She won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for With Ossie and Ruby In this Life Together (with Ossie Davis and former President Jimmy Carter). She was in a choir on February 12, 2009 to honor the 200th birthday of Abraham Lincoln. Her relationship with Ossie Davis caused them to have 3 children. Ruby Dee was a member of CORE, the NAACP, SNCC, and SCLC. She was a member of the Harlem Writers Guild for over 40 years. She talked at the 1963 March on Washington. Ruby Dee and Ossie Davis were personal friends of both Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. The Urban League gave her the 1970 Frederick Douglas award. She and Ossie Davis were arrested at the headquarters of the NYPD to protest the police shooting of Amadou Diallo. Ruby Dee opposed the Iraq War. She lived in New Rochelle, NY for years. Ruby Dee was one of the greatest actresses of human history, and now we always honor her cherished, glorious legacy as a human being who was aligned with Black Excellence.
Ruby Dee was born on October 27, 1992 at Cleveland Ohio. He was the daughter of Gladys (nee Hightower) and Marshall Edward Nathaniel Wallace (who was a cook, waiter, and porter). After he mother left the family, Dee's father remarried to Emma Amelia Benson, a schoolteacher. Dee was raised in Harlem, New York City. Before attending Hunter College High School, she studied at Public Schools 119 and 136. Later, she graduated from Hunter College with a degree in Romance languages in 1945. She was a member of Delta Sigma Theta. Early on, Ruby Dee joined the American Negro Theater as an apprentice. She worked with Sidney Poitier, Harry Belafonte, and Hilda Simms. She appeared multiple time in Broadway like her first role in the ANT's 1946 production of Anna Lucasta. She first onscreen role was in That Man of Mine in 1946. Dee received national recognition for her role in the 1950 film of The Jackie Robinson Story. Her career in acting crossed all major forms of media over a span of eight decades, including the films A Raisin in the Sun, in which she recreated her stage role as a suffering housewife in the projects, and Edge of the City. She played both roles opposite Poitier. The film of Edge of the City was a 1957 film ahead of it time in showing non-stereotypical and courageous roles for black Americans on film.
For almost one year, the Biden administration has existed. The date of November 7, 2021 was the time when Joe Biden and Kamala Harris officially won the 2020 election. We do know that Trump and his acolytes promoted the big lie that Trump won the election of 2020. On January 6, 2021, it was a date that will live in infamy. That time was when terrorists invaded the U.S. Capitol building to try to prevent a legal certification from taking place. Trump was part of an attempted coup d'etat against democracy too. These terrorists assaulted police officers (while hypocritically claiming to be for the blue), used racist slurs, waved Nazi and Confederate flags, and destroyed property in the building. They threatened to hang Mike Pence, but the coward Mike Pence continues to be a dedicated Trump Republican. To this day, a House committee is investigating the tragedy. Now, the Biden administration have made some mistakes and tons of historic accomplishments like the strong response to fight the pandemic, the signing of Juneteenth as a federal holiday, the signing of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (on March 11, 2021), the passage of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and the growth of jobs. We still need a Build Back Better Bill to be made into law, strong voting rights legislation, and other progressive policies to help millions of Americans. During less than one year, the Biden administration has made huge changes in American society. Likewise, we have a long way to go. Many are still suffering, we have voter suppression laws in many states, we want the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act to be passed, and we have to continue to be activists for justice.
James Buchanan was the 15th President of the United States of America. He lived from 1791 to 1868 as one of the most controversial Presidents in American history. James Buchanan was a lawyer and politician who saw the end of the antebellum era and the start of the Civil War. He was the Secretary of State from 1845 to 1849. He represented the state of Pennsylvania in both houses of the U.S. Congress. He believed in states' rights, a minimized role of government, and the status quo. He was once a Federalist. He also aligned with Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party. He was a minister to Russia and to the United Kingdom. In 1846, Buchanan was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. He was born in a log cabin in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania to James Buchanan Sr. and Elizabeth Speer. His parents were both of Ulster Scot descent. Buchanan attended Old Stone Academy and then Dickinson College at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He graduated with honors on September 19, 1809. He moved into the state capital back then at Lancaster. Back then, he was a Federalist who supported a federally funded internal improvements, a high tariff, and a national bank. He criticized Democratic-Republican President James Madison during the War of 1812. Buchanan was a Freemason, and served as the Master of Masonic Lodge No. 43 in Lancaster, and as a District Deputy Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. When the British invaded neighboring Maryland in 1814, he served in the defense of Baltimore as a private in Henry Shippen's Company, 1st Brigade, 4th Division, Pennsylvania Militia, a unit of yagers. Buchanan is the only president with military experience who was not an officer. He is also the last president who served in the War of 1812.
He won the U.S. House of Representatives race in 1820 to win it. The Federalist Party's power was waning. He also supported the racist Andrew Jackson (who supported states' rights and was involved in the oppression against Native American human beings). He worked with Jackson on his 1824 Presidential campaign too. He worked with Congressmen in the South. Buchanan also opposed a gag rule sponsored by John C. Calhoun that would have suppressed anti-slavery petitions. He joined the majority in blocking the rule, with most senators of the belief that it would have the reverse effect of strengthening the abolitionists. He said, "We have just as little right to interfere with slavery in the South, as we have to touch the right of petition." Buchanan thought that the issue of slavery was the domain of the states, and he faulted abolitionists for exciting passions over the issue. James Buchanan supported the doctrine of Manifest Destiny. He wanted the annexation of Texas and Oregon County. After the outbreak of the Mexican–American War, he advised Polk against taking territory south of the Rio Grande River and New Mexico. However, as the war came to an end, Buchanan argued for the annexation of further territory, and Polk began to suspect that Buchanan was primarily angling to become president. Buchanan did quietly seek the nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention, as Polk had promised to serve only one term, but Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan was nominated
By the 1856 Presidential election. He would win it. There was debate over the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This was about the debate over the expansion of slavery. There was the 1856 Democratic National Convention meeting in June 1856. The platform of the Democratic Party reflected his views, including support for the evil Fugitive Slave Law, which required the return of escaped slaves. The platform also called for an end to anti-slavery agitation, and U.S. "ascendancy in the Gulf of Mexico." President Pierce hoped for re-nomination, while Senator Stephen A. Douglas also loomed as a strong candidate. Buchanan led on the first ballot, boosted by the support of powerful Senators John Slidell, Jesse Bright, and Thomas F. Bayard, who presented Buchanan as an experienced leader appealing to the North and South. He won the nomination after seventeen ballots. He was joined on the ticket by John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, in order to placate supporters of Pierce and Douglas, with whom Breckinridge had been allied.
Buchanan faced two candidates in the general election: former Whig President Millard Fillmore ran as the American Party (or "Know-Nothing") candidate, while John C. Frémont ran as the Republican nominee. Buchanan did not actively campaign, but he wrote letters and pledged to uphold the Democratic platform. In the election, he carried every slave state except for Maryland, as well as five slavery-free states, including his home state of Pennsylvania. He won 45 percent of the popular vote and decisively won the electoral vote, taking 174 of 296 votes. His election made him the first president from Pennsylvania. In a combative victory speech, Buchanan denounced Republicans, calling them a "dangerous" and "geographical" party that had unfairly attacked the South. He also declared, "the object of my administration will be to destroy sectional party, North or South, and to restore harmony to the Union under a national and conservative government." In other words, he wanted the country to be unified in the existence of slavery if necessary. He set about this initially by feigning a sectional balance in his cabinet appointments. So, James Buchanan was a terrible President by permitting slavery for the sake of "national unity." Buchanan was inaugurated on March 4, 1857, taking the oath of office from Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. In his inaugural address, Buchanan committed himself to serving only one term, as his predecessor had done. He had the cowardly position that the government should have no role in determining the status of slavery in states or territories.
He believed in popular sovereignty, and he wanted slave owners to be protected. He supported the Dred Scott decision that restricted the human rights of a black man. Buchanan wanted Northerners and Southerners in his campaign. The Northerners would be Southern sympathizers. He had many people that would agree with his views. The Panic of 1857 began in the summer of that year, ushered in by the collapse of 1,400 state banks and 5,000 businesses. While the South escaped largely unscathed, numerous northern cities experienced drastic increases in unemployment. Buchanan agreed with the southerners who attributed the economic collapse to overspeculation. Buchanan wanted a laissez faire approach to solve economic problems. He didn't want the government to extend relief to people. He urged the states to restrict the banks to a credit level of $3 to $1 of specie and discouraged the use of federal or state bonds as security for bank note issues. The economy recovered in several years, though many Americans suffered as a result of the panic. Buchanan had hoped to reduce the deficit, but by the time he left office the federal deficit stood at $17 million. James Buchanan intervened in the Utah war that sought to stop Brigham Young's hostility to federal government intervention. There was conflict, and then Thomas L. Kane was sent by Buchanan to promote peace in Utah. The peace occurred with amnesty to inhabitants affirming loyalty to the government. Federal troops were kept at a peaceable distance for the time of his administration.
The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 created the Kansas Territory and allowed the settlers there to decide whether to allow slavery. This resulted in violence between "Free-Soil" (antislavery) and pro-slavery settlers, which developed into the "Bleeding Kansas" period. The antislavery settlers, with the help of Northern abolitionists, organized a government in Topeka. The more numerous proslavery settlers, many from the neighboring slave state Missouri, established a government in Lecompton, giving the Territory two different governments for a time, with two distinct constitutions, each claiming legitimacy. The admission of Kansas as a state required a constitution be submitted to Congress with the approval of a majority of its residents. Under President Pierce, a series of violent confrontations escalated over who had the right to vote in Kansas. The situation drew national attention, and some in Georgia and Mississippi advocated secession should Kansas be admitted as a free state. Buchanan chose to endorse the pro-slavery Lecompton government. Kansas in August 1858 rejected the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution that Buchanan supported. Later, Kansas would be a free state. Republicans in the South blocked much of Buchanan's agenda by 1858. He vetoed the Homestead Act and the Morrill Act including land grant colleges. James Buchanan wanted more control in Central America and to get Alaska from Russia. By 1860, he didn't run again. The 1860 Presidential election, Vice President John C. Breckinridge, Abraham Lincoln of the Republican Party, John Bell, and Douglass ran for President.
As early as October, the army's Commanding General, Winfield Scott, an opponent of Buchanan, warned him that Lincoln's election would likely cause at least seven states to secede from the union. He recommended that massive amounts of federal troops and artillery be deployed to those states to protect federal property, although he also warned that few reinforcements were available. Since 1857 Congress had failed to heed calls for a stronger militia and allowed the army to fall into deplorable condition. Buchanan distrusted Scott and ignored his recommendations. After Lincoln's election, Buchanan directed War Secretary Floyd to reinforce southern forts with such provisions, arms, and men as were available; however, Floyd persuaded him to revoke the order. After Lincoln's victory, secession existed from the South. Buchanan didn't want this as he said that he was against it, but he would stop them. He lied and said that Northern people were blamed for Southern secession. South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union on December 20, 1860. Despite the efforts of Buchanan and others, six more slave states seceded by the end of January 1861. Buchanan replaced the departed Southern cabinet members with John Adams Dix, Edwin M. Stanton, and Joseph Holt, all of whom were committed to preserving the Union. When Buchanan considered surrendering Fort Sumter, the new cabinet members threatened to resign, and Buchanan relented. On January 5, Buchanan decided to reinforce Fort Sumter, sending the Star of the West with 250 men and supplies. However, he failed to ask Major Robert Anderson to provide covering fire for the ship, and it was forced to return North without delivering troops or supplies. Buchanan chose not to respond to this act of war, and instead sought to find a compromise to avoid secession. He received a March 3 message from Anderson, that supplies were running low, but the response became Lincoln's to make, as the latter succeeded to the presidency the next day.
Less than 2 months after Buchanan wasn't President, the Civil War happened. He supported the Union during the American Civil War. Soon after the publication of the memoir (called Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of Rebellion being published on May 1866), Buchanan caught a cold in May 1868, which quickly worsened due to his advanced age. He died on June 1, 1868, of respiratory failure at the age of 77 at his home at Wheatland. He was interred in Woodward Hill Cemetery in Lancaster. He was a liar to blame abolitionists for the war, and he said that slaves were treated with kindness and humanity. Slavery is about dehumanization, torture, and oppression not kindness. The truth is purely known about his legacy in full detail.
On Ancestry.com, there is information about me being related to a woman named Asianea Bibb. Asianea Bibb is my 3rd cousin. We are all descendants of Adam D. Asianea Bibb's parents are Clark Kenneth Bibb (b. 1969) and Janine Elise Drake (b. 1970). Clark Kenneth Bibb's father was Columbus Harris (1944-2014). Columbus Harris' nickname was CC. He was born on September 25, 1944 at Scotland Neck, North Carolina and he passed away at September 1, 2014 at New Jersey. His parents are Ethel Lee Edmunds (1909-1983) and Harvey Harris (b. 1908). Columbus Harris was educated at Brawley High School in Scotland Neck, North Carolina. He moved into New Jersey in 1960. He worked for a record company on High Street in Newark, New Jersey. He was married to Joan Ann Davis (1942-2013) at Bedford, Virginia on July 27, 1971. They divorced on October 28, 1991 at Bedford, Virginia. Their four children are Tia Renee Harris (b. 1973), Tiffany Jo Harris Wyatt (b. 1975), Natoya Doreen Harris (b. 1997), and Dawn Shreese Harris (b. 1981). Columbus Harris' other children are Clark Kenneth Bibb (b. 1969), Alisha Harris-Moody, and Beverly Postles-Sanders. Columbus' grandchildren are: Jasmine, Destry, Jihad, Anthony, Christian, Asianea, Terrence, Tianna, Tylik, three great grandchildren, Jerry Jr., Calel, Aniylah, and his goddaughter, Tinesha James. Coluymbus' siblings are: Mattie Mae Harris (1927-2013), Clarence Edward Harris (1932-1984), Joe Henry Harris (1933-1998), Mary Lee Harris (1935-2015), Naomi Esther Harris (1937-2002), Harvey Harris Jr. (1938-1999), Roosevelt Harris (1940-2002), Ethel Marion Harris (1943-2012), Alfred Harris (b. 1956), and James Harris. Columbus' mother was Ethel Lee Edmunds. Her parents were my 2nd great grandfather Adam D. (b. 1862) and Mary Eliza Edmunds (b. 1873). Adam D. married Georgianna Tillery in 1886, then he married Mary Eliza Edmunds on 1905 at Halifax, North Carolina, and he lastly married Nancy Reynolds on August 12, 1908 at Halifax, North Carolina. The late Columbus Harris (or my 1st cousin) joined Cathedral of Faith Baptist Church in East Orange, New Jersey on January 18, 2006. The Rev. Dr. T.H. Rankin, Jr. is the presiding pastor.
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