The 31st President of the United States of America was Herbert Clark Hoover. Herbert Hoover was a member of the Republican Party, and he was President from 1929 to 1933. Hoover saw the start of the Great Depression when he was in his office. Before being President, he led the Commission for Relief in Belgium, was the director of the U.S. Food Administration, and was the third Secretary of Commerce. He lived from August 10, 1874 to October 20, 1964. Hebert Hoover was born on August 10, 1874 at West Branch, Iowa. His father, Jesse Hoover, was a blacksmith and farm implement store owner of German, Swiss, and English ancestry. His mother was Hulda Randall Minthorn. She was raised in Norwich, Ontario, Canda before moving into Iowa in 1859. Hoover was raised as a Quaker. Hoover read the Bible as a child. His parents died as a young age, so he was an orphan along with his brother and sister. Hoover lived with his uncle Allen Hoover at a nearby farm. By November 1885, Hoover was sent to Newberg, Oregon, to live with his uncle John Minthorn, a Quaker physician and businessman whose own son had died the year before. Hoover developed a strong work ethic with the Minthorn family. Hoover attended Friends Pacific Academy Or George Fox University now. He dropped out to be an office assistant for his uncle's real estate office in Salem, Oregon. At night school, he learned bookkeeping, typing, and mathematics. By 1891, he was part of Stanford University, despite failing all the entrance exams, except mathematics. He studied geology. John Casper Branner was the chair of Stanford's geology department. Hoover worked in part time jobs and was in campus activities. Hoover was shy at first, but he won election as student treasurer. He had a distaste of fraternities and sororities. Hoover served as student manager of both baseball and football teams. He helped to organize the inaugural Big Game versus the University of California. Hoover continued to study geology. That is why he interned under economic geologist Waldemar Lindgren of the United States Geological Survey. His career of a mining geologist and engineer grew.
Hoover graduated from Stanford in 1895. This was the time when most of the country had the economic crisis of the Panic of 1893. Hoover worked in low level mining jobs in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Later, he was trained by the prominent mining engineer Louis Janin, and Janin hired him. He worked as a mine court for a year until he was hired by Bewick, Moreing, and Co., a London based company that operated gold mines in Western Australia. Hoover went to Coolgradie at first, then the center of the Eastern Goldfields. Though Hoover received a $5,000 salary (equivalent to $155,540 in 2020), conditions were harsh in the goldfields. Hoover described the Coolgardie and Murchison rangelands on the edge of the Great Victoria Desert as a land of "black flies, red dust and white heat." Hoover traveled constantly across the Outback to evaluate and manage the company's mines. He convinced Bewick, Moreing to purchase the Sons of Gwalia gold mine, which proved to be one of the most successful mines in the region. Partly due to Hoover's efforts, the company eventually controlled approximately 50 percent of gold production in Western Australia. Hoover brought in many Italian immigrants to cut costs and counter the labor movement of the Australian miners. During his time with the mining company, Hoover became opposed to measures such as a minimum wage and workers' compensation, feeling that they were unfair to owners. Hoover's work impressed his employers, and in 1898 he was promoted to junior partner. An open feud developed between Hoover and his boss, Ernest Williams, but company leaders defused the situation by offering Hoover a compelling position in China.
Upon arriving in China, Hoover developed gold mines near Tianjin on behalf of Bewick, Moreing and the Chinese-owned Chinese Engineering and Mining Company. He became deeply interested in Chinese history, but gave up on learning the language to a fluent level. He publicly warned that Chinese workers were inefficient and racially inferior. Of course, that is a lie as Chinese people are never inefficient or racially inferior. Hoover said that he wanted recommendations to end the imposing of long term servitude contracts and have reforms of Chinese workers based on merit. The Boxer Rebellion came out shortly after Hoover came into China. The Hoovers and other foreign nationals were in a multi-national military force to defeat the Boxer forces in the Battle of Tientsin. Fearing the imminent collapse of the Chinese government, the director of the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company agreed to establish a new Sino-British venture with Bewick, Moreing. After Hoover and Bewick, Moreing established effective control over the new Chinese mining company, Hoover became the operating partner of Bewick, Moreing in late 1901. As operating partner, Hoover continually traveled the world on behalf of Bewick, Moreing, visiting mines operated by the company on different continents. Beginning in December 1902, the company faced mounting legal and financial issues after one of the partners admitted to having fraudulently sold stock in a mine. More issues arose in 1904, after the British government formed two separate royal commissions to investigate Bewick, Moreing's labor practices and financial dealings in Western Australia. After the company lost a suit Hoover began looking for a way to get out of the partnership, and he sold his shares in mid-1908.
Herbert Hoover was a mining engineer in 1917. He left Bewick, Moreing, and Hoover to work as a London based independent mining consultant and financial leader. Hoover raised money on many investments worldwide. He had offices in San Francisco, London, New York City, Paris, Petrograd, and Mandalay, British Burman. By 1914, Hoover was a very wealthy man, with an estimated personal fortune of $4 million or equivalent to $103.35 million in 2020. Hoover co-founded the Zinc Corporation to get zinc near the Australian city of Broken Hill, New South Wales. He has a role in increasing copper production in Kyshtym, Russia via the use of pyritic smelting. He managed a mine in the Altai Mountains. Hoover wrote a book called the Principles of Mining in 1090 where he promoted the 8 hour workdays and organized labor. Hoover became deeply interested in the history of science, and he was especially drawn to the De re metallica, an influential 16th century work on mining and metallurgy by Georgius Agricola. In 1912, Hoover and his wife published the first English translation of De re metallica., Hoover also joined the board of trustees at Stanford, and led a successful campaign to appoint John Branner as the university's president. Herbert Hoover dated Lou Henry that she meet during his senior year at Stanford. She was a daughter of a banker from Monterey, California. Lou Henry studied geology at Stanford after attending a lecture delivered by John Branner. Hoover and Lou Henry married each other. Lou Henry passed away in 1944. Hoover rarely attended Quaker religious meetings during his adult life. The couple had 2 children: Herbert Hoover Jr. (born in 1903) and Allan Henry Hoover (born in 1907). The Hoover family began living in London in 1902, though they frequently traveled as part of Hoover's career. After 1916, the Hoovers began living in the United States, maintaining homes in Palo Alto, California, and Washington, D.C.
The events of World War I changed his life forever. The Allies of France and other nations fought Germany by August 1914. The Germans wanted to go into Paris to conquer it by traveling through neutral Belgium. Germany controlled nearly all of Belgium during the war. Hoover and other London-based American businessmen established a committee to organize the return of the roughly 100,000 Americans stranded in Europe. Hoover was appointed as the committee's chair and, with the assent of Congress and the Wilson administration, took charge of the distribution of relief to Americans in Europe. Hoover later stated, "I did not realize it at the moment, but on August 3, 1914, my career was over forever. I was on the slippery road of public life." By early October 1914, Hoover's organization had distributed relief to at least 40,000 Americans. A food crisis existed in Belgium after Germany invaded Belgium in August of 1914. The Germans didn't want to feed Belgian citizens. The British refused to lift their blockade of German occupied Belgium unless the U.S. government supervised Belgian food imports as a neutral party in the war. With the cooperation of the Wilson administration and the CNSA, a Belgian relief organization, Hoover established the Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB). The CRB obtained and imported millions of tons of foodstuffs for the CNSA to distribute and helped ensure that the German army did not appropriate the food. Private donations and government grants supplied the majority of its $11-million-a-month budget, and the CRB became a veritable independent republic of relief, with its own flag, navy, factories, mills, and railroads. Herbert Hoover worked with Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George to send money to the people of Belgium. Supplies came to German occupied Northern France in 1915. Hoover negotiated things with the British, French, German, Dutch, and Belgian government. Hoover was the head of the U.S. Food Administration.
Hoover helped many Americans and others to get food. During the war, food spread among many people. WWI caused a global food crisis. Food prices increased and food riots plus starvation existed in countries at war. Hoover's chief goal as food czar was to provide supplies to the Allied Powers, but he also sought to stabilize domestic prices and to prevent domestic shortages. Under the broad powers granted by the Food and Fuel Control Act, the Food Administration supervised food production throughout the United States, and the administration made use of its authority to buy, import, store, and sell food. Determined to avoid rationing, Hoover established set days for people to avoid eating specified foods and save them for soldiers' rations: meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays, and "when in doubt, eat potatoes". These policies were dubbed "Hooverizing" by government publicists, in spite of Hoover's continual orders that publicity should not mention him by name. The Food Administration shipped 23 million metric tons of food to the Allied Powers, preventing their collapse and earning Hoover great acclaim. As head of the Food Administration, Hoover gained a following in the United States, especially among progressives who saw in Hoover an expert administrator and symbol of efficiency. Hoover also helped Europe with food relief after the war ended. Hoover was a close advisor to President Hoover. He believed in the League of Nations and self-determination. John Maynard Keynes, the economist, praised Hoover for his realism. Despite the opposition of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans, Hoover provided aid to the defeated German nation after the war, as well as relief to famine-stricken Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Hoover condemned the Bolsheviks, but warned President Wilson against an intervention in the Russian Civil War, as he viewed the White Russian forces as little better than the Bolsheviks and feared the possibility of a protracted U.S. involvement. The Russian famine of 1921–22 claimed six million people, but the intervention of the ARA likely saved millions of lives. When asked if he was not helping Bolshevism by providing relief, Hoover stated, "twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!" Reflecting the gratitude of many Europeans, in July 1922, Soviet author Maxim Gorky told Hoover that "your help will enter history as a unique, gigantic achievement, worthy of the greatest glory, which will long remain in the memory of millions of Russians whom you have saved from death."
Herbert Hoover ran for President in 1920 as a Republican. He wanted higher taxes back then, criticism of Attorney General A. Mitchell's Palmer's actions during the First Red Scare, a minimum wage, 48 hour work week, and elimination of child labor. Hoover back then was never closely affiliated with the Democrats or the Republicans. He joined the Republicans, because he thought that the Democrats couldn't win. Hoover lost after his defeat in the California primary by their favorite son Hiram Johnson. Warren G. Harding won the 1920 Republican National Convention and the Presidential election. Hoover supported him. Harding made Hoover the Secretary of Commerce. He was in that position from 1921 to 1928. As part of the Commerce Department, Hoover didn't want unrestrained capitalism or socialism, but a third alternative.
He wanted a balance among labor, capital, and government. A high priority was economic diplomacy, including promoting the growth of exports, as well as protection against monopolistic practices of foreign governments, especially regarding rubber and coffee. Some have called him a corporatist or an associationalist. Hoover demanded, and received, authority to coordinate economic affairs throughout the government. He created many sub-departments and committees, overseeing and regulating everything from manufacturing statistics to air travel. In some instances he "seized" control of responsibilities from other Cabinet departments when he deemed that they were not carrying out their responsibilities well; some began referring to him as the "Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretary of all other departments." In response to the Depression of 1920–21, he convinced Harding to assemble a presidential commission on unemployment, which encouraged local governments to engage in countercyclical infrastructure spending. He endorsed much of Mellon's tax reduction program, but favored a more progressive tax system and opposed the treasury secretary's efforts to eliminate the estate tax.
People in America in families that had radio grew form 1923 to 1929 from 300,000 to 10 million Hoover, as Secretary of Commerce, promoted radio regulation and air travel. He gave radio conferences and contributed to the Radio Act of 1927 that allowed the government to intervene and abolish radio stations that were deemed non useful to the public. Many Congressmen disagreed with the regulation of radio including Senators and from radio station owners. Hoover promoted the air industry. He wanted indirect government subsidies to fund that industry. He encouraged the development of emergency landing fields, required all runways to be equipped with lights and radio beams, and encouraged farmers to make use of planes for crop dusting. He also established the federal government's power to inspect planes and license pilots, setting a precedent for the later Federal Aviation Administration. As Commerce Secretary, Hoover hosted national conferences on street traffic collectively known as the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety. Hoover's chief objective was to address the growing casualty toll of traffic accidents, but the scope of the conferences grew and soon embraced motor vehicle standards, rules of the road, and urban traffic control. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. Because automotive trade associations were the best organized, many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. The conferences issued a model Uniform Vehicle Code for adoption by the states, and a Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for adoption by cities. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets.. Hoover didn't want to be seen as a British tool (as he spent years in Britain and Australia), so he wanted to work with the media to build up his image.
Herbert Hoover gave speeches and interviews criticizing monopolies, promoting science, and working in the auto industry. Herbert Hoover wanted to eliminate waste, international trade, and long term home mortgages. This was done by the Better Houses in America movement, the Architects' Small House Service Bureau, and the Home Modernizing Burequa. Other accomplishments included winning the agreement of U.S. Steel to adopt an eight-hour workday, and the fostering of the Colorado River Compact, a water rights compact among Southwestern states. There was the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927. The banks and levees broke in early 1927. That causes millions of acres to be flooded and leaving 1.5 million people displaced from their homes. Although disaster response did not fall under the duties of the Commerce Department, the governors of six states along the Mississippi River specifically asked President Coolidge to appoint Hoover to coordinate the response to the flood. Believing that disaster response was not the domain of the federal government, Coolidge initially refused to become involved, but he eventually acceded to political pressure and appointed Hoover to chair a special committee to help the region. Hoover established over one hundred tent cities and a fleet of more than six hundred vessels and raised $17 million (equivalent to $253.27 million in 2020). In large part due to his leadership during the flood crisis, by 1928, Hoover had begun to overshadow President Coolidge himself. Though Hoover received wide acclaim for his role in the crisis, he ordered the suppression of reports of mistreatment of African Americans in refugee camps. He did so with the cooperation of African-American leader Robert Russa Moton, who was promised unprecedented influence once Hoover became president. Hoover and Moton were wrong to suppress reports. Hoover lied to Moton in saying that if Moton suppressed reports, then Moton and other black people would have high positions in the Hoover administration. Motivated by Hoover's promises, Moton saw to it that the Colored Advisory Commission never revealed the full extent of the abuses in the Delta, and Moton championed Hoover's candidacy to the African-American population. However, once elected President in 1928, Hoover ignored Robert Moton and the promises he had made to his black constituency. In the following election of 1932, Moton withdrew his support for Hoover and switched to the Democratic Party.
Hoover ran for President in 1928, and he won. Coolidge announced his retirement from Presidential office in August 1927, so Hoover was free to run. He or Hoover worked with a strong campaign team led by Hubert Work, Will H. Hays, and Reed Smooth. Coolidge criticized Hoover as giving him bad advice, but he supported Hoover anyway as not to break up the Republican Party. Charles Dawes wasn't the Vice President as Coolidge hated him. So, Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas was the Vice President. The Democrats choose Al Smith, who was the first Roman Catholic major nominee for President. Hoover wanted to say that the Republican record of peace and prosperity would make people vote for him. Smith was more charismatic and gregarious than Hoover. His campaign was damaged by his overt opposition to Prohibition, and some people targeted his Catholic faith. Hoover was never a strong proponent of Prohibition, but he accepted the policy as a noble motive. Hoover made the racist policy to remove black Republicans from leadership positions in attempting to gain support among white Southerners.
Hoover maintained polling leads throughout the 1928 campaign, and he decisively defeated Smith on election day, taking 58 percent of the popular vote and 444 of the 531 electoral votes. Historians agree that Hoover's national reputation and the booming economy, combined with deep splits in the Democratic Party over religion and Prohibition, guaranteed his landslide victory. Hoover's appeal to Southern white voters succeeded in cracking the "Solid South", and he won five Southern states. Hoover's victory was positively received by newspapers; one wrote that Hoover would "drive so forcefully at the tasks now before the nation that the end of his eight years as president will find us looking back on an era of prodigious achievement." Hoover's detractors wondered why he did not do anything to reapportion congress after the 1920 United States Census which saw an increase in urban and immigrant populations. The 1920 Census was the first and only Decennial Census where the results were not used to reapportion Congress, which ultimately influenced the 1928 Electoral College and impacted the Presidential Election.
President Herbert Hoover was President from 1929 to 1933. He wanted a public private cooperation to improve conditions for all Americans. He supported volunteerism and opposed governmental coercion or intervention. He focused on individualism and self-reliance. He signed the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929, the Federal Farm Board to stabilize farm prices, and made studies to promote solutions. Business leaders dominated his cabinet. Secretary of Treasury was Andrew Mellon. Lou Henry Hoover was the activist First Lady. She was overt in being a new woman of the Post WWI era. Then, the Great Depression hit after Hoover said that he wanted poverty abolished on the Earth. The Great Depression existed by a farm crisis, growing income inequality, and excessive speculation. Stock prices grew far beyond their value. Many people and regulators said that Hoover had to curb speculation to prevent financial catastrophe. Coolidge and Hoover didn't want the Federal Reserve System to be too involved in regulating banks. In late October 1929, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred, and the worldwide economy began to spiral downward into the Great Depression. The causes of the Great Depression remain a matter of debate, but Hoover viewed a lack of confidence in the financial system as the fundamental economic problem facing the nation. He sought to avoid direct federal intervention, believing that the best way to bolster the economy was through the strengthening of businesses such as banks and railroads. Hoover believed in the lie that people in a social safety net would weakened the nation permanently. Hoover wanted local governments and private giving to deal with individuals.
Hoover wanted to cut interest rates, send money to promote lending, and try to stop deflation. He opposed Congressional proposals to provide federal relief to the unemployed, as he believed that such programs were the responsibility of state and local governments and philanthropic organizations. He supported raising tariffs in the Smoot Hawley Tariff Act in June of 1930. Later, many nations like Canada and France retaliated by raising tariffs. The economy worsen. Progressive Republicans such as Senator William E. Borah of Idaho were outraged when Hoover signed the tariff act, and Hoover's relations with that wing of the party never recovered. Unemployment reached 11.9 percent by the end of 1930. Banks failed, and the larger economic collapse happened in 1931. Many nations left the gold standard, and Hoover refused to abandon it. Hoover made a one-year moratorium on European war debts, in response to the collapse of the German economy. By this time, the worldwide economy became worst. Democratic governments fell; in Germany, Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler assumed power and dismantled the Weimar Republic.
By mid-1931, the unemployment rate had reached 15 percent, giving rise to growing fears that the country was experiencing a depression far worse than recent economic downturns. A reserved man with a fear of public speaking, Hoover allowed his opponents in the Democratic Party to define him as cold, incompetent, reactionary, and out-of-touch. Hoover's opponents developed nicknames to discredit him, such as "Hooverville" (the shanty towns and homeless encampments), "Hoover leather" (cardboard used to cover holes in the soles of shoes), and "Hoover blanket" (old newspaper used to cover oneself from the cold). While Hoover continued to resist direct federal relief efforts, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York launched the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration to provide aid to the unemployed. Democrats positioned the program as a kinder alternative to Hoover's alleged apathy towards the unemployed, despite Hoover's belief that such programs were the responsibility of state and local governments.
The economy continued to worsen, with unemployment rates nearing 23 percent in early 1932, and Hoover finally heeded calls for more direct federal intervention. In January 1932, he convinced Congress to authorize the establishment of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), which would provide government-secured loans to financial institutions, railroads, and local governments. The RFC saved numerous businesses from failure, but it failed to stimulate commercial lending as much as Hoover had hoped, partly because it was run by conservative bankers unwilling to make riskier loans. The same month the RFC was established, Hoover signed the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, establishing 12 district banks overseen by a Federal Home Loan Bank Board in a manner similar to the Federal Reserve System. He also helped arrange passage of the Glass–Steagall Act of 1932, emergency banking legislation designed to expand banking credit by expanding the collateral on which Federal Reserve banks were authorized to lend. As these measures failed to stem the economic crisis, Hoover signed the Emergency Relief and Construction Act, a $2 billion public works bill, in July 1932. The federal government had a budget deficit in 1931 after a decade of surpluses. Some wanted deficit spending to address the Great Depression.
In late 1931, Hoover proposed a tax plan to increase tax revenue by 30 percent, resulting in the passage of the Revenue Act of 1932. The act increased taxes across the board, rolling back much of the tax cut reduction program Mellon had presided over during the 1920s. Top earners were taxed at 63 percent on their net income, the highest rate since the early 1920s. The act also doubled the top estate tax rate, cut personal income tax exemptions, eliminated the corporate income tax exemption, and raised corporate tax rates. Despite the passage of the Revenue Act, the federal government continued to run a budget deficit. Hoover was never revolutionary on civil rights. He didn't mention civil rights a lot. He believed that African Americans and other races of people could improve by education and individual initiative. He appointed more black Americans to federal positions than Harding and Coolidge combined. Yet, many black leaders condemned Hoover for not pushing for a federal anti-lynching law. Hoover removed black people from leadership positions in the GOP. This effort angered black people, except people like Robert Moton who viewed this measure as temporary. It wasn't temporary.
Hoover further alienated black leaders by nominating conservative Southern judge John J. Parker to the Supreme Court; Parker's nomination ultimately failed in the Senate due to opposition from the NAACP and organized labor. Many black voters switched to the Democratic Party in the 1932 election, and African Americans would later become an important part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal coalition. As part of his efforts to limit unemployment, Hoover sought to cut immigration to the United States, and in 1930 he promulgated an executive order requiring individuals to have employment before migrating to the United States. Prohibition ended by the 21st Amendment to the Constitution by December 1933. It didn't work. He didn't interfere with foreign affairs in Latin America a lot. Yet, he did use the military in Latin American countries who promoted progressive views like the Dominican Republic and El Salvador. He ended the occupation of Nicaragua. He almost ended the occupation of Haiti. He wanted money from the military to be sent to domestic needs or disarmament. He wanted the banning of tanks and bombers which weren't adopted. He didn't agree with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, but he followed the Stimson Doctrine to not recognize territories gained by force.
Thousands of World War I veterans and their families demonstrated and camped out in Washington, DC, during June 1932, calling for immediate payment of bonuses that had been promised by the World War Adjusted Compensation Act in 1924; the terms of the act called for payment of the bonuses in 1945. Although offered money by Congress to return home, some members of the "Bonus Army" remained. Washington police attempted to disperse the demonstrators, but they were outnumbered and unsuccessful. Shots were fired by the police in a futile attempt to attain order, and two protesters were killed while many officers were injured. Hoover sent U.S. Army forces led by General Douglas MacArthur to the protests. MacArthur, believing he was fighting a Communist revolution, chose to clear out the camp with military force. This was not a Communist revolution but sincere military veterans who wanted just economic compensation. McArthur was wrong in his role in the Bonus Army march suppression. Though Hoover had not ordered MacArthur's clearing out of the protesters, he endorsed it after the fact. The incident proved embarrassing for the Hoover administration and hurt his bid for re-election.
Herbert Hoover ran for re-election in 1932. Hoover had issues with his economic performance. Franklin D. Roosevelt won the 1932 Democratic National Convention nomination. He defeated Al Smith. FDR and the Democrats blamed Hoover of the Great Depression. As Governor of New York, Roosevelt had called on the New York legislature to provide aid for the needy, establishing Roosevelt's reputation for being more favorable toward government interventionism during the economic crisis. The Democratic Party, including Al Smith and other national leaders, coalesced behind Roosevelt, while progressive Republicans like George Norris and Robert La Follette Jr. deserted Hoover. Prohibition was increasingly unpopular, and wets offered the argument that states and localities needed the tax money. Hoover proposed a new constitutional amendment that was vague on particulars. Roosevelt's platform promised repeal of the 18th Amendment. Hoover still believed that non intervention from the federal government would save the nation from Depression. People were hostile with him. He was heckled and the Secret Service prevented people from trying to hurt Hoover. In the electoral vote, Hoover lost 59–472, carrying six states. Hoover won 39.7 percent of the popular vote, a plunge of 26 percentage points from his result in the 1928 election.
After Hoover lost the election, Herbert Hoover opposed the New Deal form FDR. Hoover was the sole living ex-President form 1933 to 1953. He lived in Palo Alto until his wife's death in 1944. Later, Hoover lived at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York City. Hoover identified more as a conservative. Hoover became so radical that he wrote books calling FDR's New Deal as socialistic which is silly. Hoover ran again for President in 1936, but he lost. Hoover supported Landon. Hoover lost the 1940 RNC to Wendell Willkie.
During a 1938 trip to Europe, Hoover met with Adolf Hitler and stayed at Hermann Göring's hunting lodge. He expressed dismay at the persecution of Jewish people in Germany and believed that Hitler was mad, but did not present a threat to the U.S. Of course, Hoover was wrong. Instead, Hoover believed that Roosevelt posed the biggest threat to peace, holding that Roosevelt's policies provoked Japan and discouraged France and the United Kingdom from reaching an "accommodation" with Germany. After the September 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany, Hoover opposed U.S. involvement in World War II, including the Lend-Lease policy. He was active in the isolationist America First Committee. He rejected Roosevelt's offers to help coordinate relief in Europe, but, with the help of old friends from the CRB, helped establish the Commission for Polish Relief. After the beginning of the occupation of Belgium in 1940, Hoover provided aid for Belgian civilians, though this aid was described as unnecessary by German broadcasts.
In December 1939, sympathetic Americans led by Hoover formed the Finnish Relief Fund to donate money to aid Finnish civilians and refugees after the Soviet Union had started the Winter War by attacking Finland, which had outraged Americans. By the end of January, it had already sent more than two million dollars to the Finns.
During a radio broadcast on June 29, 1941, one week after the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, Hoover disparaged any "tacit alliance" between the U.S. and the USSR, stating, "if we join the war and Stalin wins, we have aided him to impose more communism on Europe and the world... War alongside Stalin to impose freedom is more than a travesty. It is a tragedy." Much to his frustration, Hoover was not called upon to serve after the United States entered World War II due to his differences with Roosevelt and his continuing unpopularity. He did not pursue the presidential nomination at the 1944 Republican National Convention, and, at the request of Republican nominee Thomas E. Dewey, refrained from campaigning during the general election. In 1945, Hoover advised President Harry S. Truman to drop the United States' demand for the unconditional surrender of Japan because of the high projected casualties of the planned invasion of Japan, although Hoover was unaware of the Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb. After WWII, Hoover was a friend to Harry S. Truman. Hoover was an anti-Communist radical who wanted to support Nixon to expose Communist in America. Hoover didn't like Eisenhower as Eisenhower refused to roll back the New Deal. Hoover was saddened over the Kennedy assassination in 1963 and he defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion. Hoover wrote many books. Hoover was a radical by this time. He had major illnesses and passed away from internal bleeding on October 20, 1964, at New York City.
Hoover was honored with a state funeral in which he lay in state in the United States Capitol rotunda. President Lyndon Johnson and First Lady Ladybird Johnson attended, along with former presidents Truman and Eisenhower. Then, on October 25, he was buried in West Branch, Iowa, near his presidential library and birthplace on the grounds of the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site. Afterwards, Hoover's wife, Lou Henry Hoover, who had been buried in Palo Alto, California, following her death in 1944, was re-interred beside him. Hoover was the last surviving member of the Harding and Coolidge Cabinets. John Nance Garner (he was Speaker of the House during the second half of Hoover's term) was the only person in Hoover's United States presidential line of succession he did not outlive.
President Herbert Hoover had a complicated legacy. Hoover believed in voluntarism and cooperation, but he was stubborn to not adjust his mind to help people more thoroughly during the Great Depression. After his Presidency, he became even more conservative and caused the Republican Party to be a more conservative party. Hoover failed to adjust his perspectives and worked hard in the early 20th century to give food and other humanitarian aid in America plus Europe. Hoover believed in the Horatio Alger myth wholeheartedly being one of the most hardest critics of the New Deal. The New Deal saved millions of lives by providing Social Security to the elderly, adequate economic resources in other ways, and it helped to end the Great Depression (along with the U.S. military build up during World War II). Hoover was also a vicious racist as mentioned by W.E.B. DuBois and other scholars. The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is located in West Branch, Iowa next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site. The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration. The Hoover–Minthorn House, where Hoover lived from 1885 to 1891, is located in Newberg, Oregon. President Herbert Hoover ended his Presidency as failed to promote the general welfare. That is why his successor came about to change America in ways that were life changing in saving millions of lives in the future.
It is important to understanding the 2022 Olympics in Beijing and Beijing culture including its history. Beijing is the capital of the nation of China. It is the largest city on Earth in population with over 21 million people. It has over 6,000 square miles of hand. Beijing is a global city being an Eastern center of culture, diplomacy, politics, finance, business, and economics. It has centers for sports, tourism, research, sport, science, technology, and transportation. Like Shanghai, it is one of the megacities on this Earth. It houses China's corporations and many of the Fortune Global 500 companies. Many billionaires live in the city filled with highways, expressways, and high-speed rail. It has the Beijing Capital International Airport being the 2nd busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
Combining both modern and traditional style architectures, Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world, with a rich history dating back over three millennia. As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries, and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium CE. With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides, in addition to the old inner and outer city walls, Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls and gates. Beijing is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world. In 2018, Beijing was the second highest earning tourist city in the world after Shanghai. Beijing is home to many national monuments and museums and has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites—the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Ming Tombs, Zhoukoudian, and parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal—all of which are popular tourist locations. Siheyuans, the city's traditional housing style, and hutongs, the narrow alleys between siheyuans, are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing.
Many of Beijing's 91 universities consistently rank among the best in the Asia-Pacific and the world. Beijing is home to the two best C9 League universities (Tsinghua and Peking) in the Asia-Pacific and emerging countries. Beijing CBD is a center for Beijing's economic expansion, with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers. Beijing's Zhongguancun area is a world leading center of scientific and technological innovation as well as entrepreneurship. Beijing has been ranked the No.1 city in the world with the largest scientific research output by the Nature Index since 2016. The city has hosted numerous international and national sporting events, the most notable being the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Paralympics Games. In 2022, Beijing became the first city ever to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics, and also the Summer and Winter Paralympics. Beijing hosts 175 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many organizations, including the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Silk Road Fund, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Central Academy of Fine Arts, the Central Academy of Drama, the Central Conservatory of Music, and the Red Cross Society of China. During ancient times, Beijing was called the Northern Capital. Jicheng was its first walled city in Beijing being the capital city of Ji (and built in 1045 B.C.). The First Emperor era unified China. The Three Kingdoms period saw Beijing experience changes. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period when northern China was conquered and divided by the Wu Hu, Jicheng was briefly the capital of the Xianbei Former Yan Kingdom. The Ming Dynasty was a powerful era in Chinese history. The Forbidden City existed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Imperialists harmed Beijing during the 2 Opium Wars and the Boxer Rebellion. The nationalist Republic of China existed and then Communism dominated China after the Chinese Civil War. There was the Cultural Revolution with Mao, and the Tiananmen Square Massacre in Beijing. Expansion of Beijing continues in the 21st centuries with issues of heavy traffic, poor air quality, loss of historic neighborhoods, and new workers from rural areas. The city has also hosted major international events like the 2015 World Championships in Athletics. Beijing remains one of the most advanced, interesting cities in the whole world.
No comments:
Post a Comment