Hip hop always had rap battles and competition to see who was the better or more wittier MC. Yet, the 1990's saw a different form of beef that was more intense, more violent, and more personal. The biggest hip hop beef in history was Bad Boy Records vs. Death Row Records rivalry. The end result of this destructive beef was the death of 2 innocent, young black men unfortunately. While their bodies were gone from this Earth, corporate media interests from Vibe (including the Village Voice. Much of the corporate media have ties to the CIA, the CFR, and other multinational corporate interests) to other news media outlets fueled this tension, FBI forces including NYPD forces used surveillance against many hip hop artists, and other innocent people were assaulted unjustly on both sides. During the early 1990's, Ice Cube's song No Vaseline targeted NWA and it was a battle record. It was personal (describing Ice Cube's frustration with his contract and wanting a lawyer to give him a better deal), but it was no where near the tensions among many artists in the media-driven East Coast vs. West Coast beef. When did this beef start or originate form? To start, you have to look at hip hop history. Hip hop came from the Bronx, NYC. Kool Moe Dee and Star Busy Dee Starksi had a rap battle that caused the rapt battle culture to expand into massive levels lyrically. Back then, battles were mostly between DJs and then lyricists. Many people in the New York rap scene disregarded any hip hop music from any other region in America except for the North. The first hip hop artist that grew East Coast and West Coast tensions was the artist Tim Dogg (who recently died years ago). Tim Dogg was angry in 1991 over record companies' rejecting of East Coast artists and the growing popularity of West Coast hip hop. Tim Dogg was from the Bronx, and many NYC rappers were jealous of the growing strength of West Coast hip hop music. So, Tim Dogg made a diss track called "F__ Compton." The problem with the song that it disrespected a whole city. There is nothing wrong with opposing violent gangs killing people over colors. Murder is evil. Yet, not all West Coast people should be scapegoated for such evils. Tim Dogg said that he was cool with Ice T, but he was targeting the West Coast rap scene, especially NWA. Tim Dogg targeted Eazy-E. Many West Coast artists responded like Snoop and Compton's Most Wanted. There was a time when Tupac saved Tim Dogg's life when Tim Dogg visited California over the diss record. Tim Dogg died in controversy after scamming numerous women financially.
Later, the Bad Boy vs. Death Row beef developed. The irony was that in 1993, Tupac, P Diddy, Suge Knight, the Notorious B.I.G., Warren G, DPG, and Snoop were great friends. Tupac and Biggie did concerts together all over the East Coast, especially at Howard University. Tupac allowed Biggie to say the words of Thug Life in a concert at Maryland. Everything changed with the November 30, 1994 shooting of Tupac Shakur at Quad City studios. Immediately, Tupac Shakur accused the Notorious B.I.G., Andre Harrell, and Sen Combs of involvement and foreknowledge of the shooting and robbery of him and others at the Quad Recording Studios at Manhattan. They, of course, deny any of those allegations. Now, we know one shooter is named Dexter Isaac, who said that James Rosemond paid him money to rob Tupac Shakur. After the shooting, Biggie released the song "Who Shot Ya?" We know that the song had nothing to do with Tupac's shooting, but releasing so early after the shooting was definitely in poor taste. Tupac interpreted the song as Biggie's way of taunting him. We know that the Notorious B.I.G. had nothing to do with the 1994. Biggie came into the hospital to try to see Tupac, and he wrote letters to Tupac saying that he nothing do with the shooting. Tyehimba tried to convince Tupac that Biggie was innocent too. It's not a secret that the intelligence community used agents in the music industry in trying to control people or stir conflict. The book of the Hip Hop Cop documents this historical fact. The August 1995 Source Awards had more tensions. This was when Death Row CEO Suge Knight disrespected Bad Boy Records head Combs. Suge said that he didn't like Diddy dancing in the videos of records if they (or artists from Bad Boy) want to come to Death Row, they could. Diddy said that he respected the accomplishments of Death Row and the East/West tensions need to stop. As we shall see, Diddy isn't so innocent in this history either despite his public words. By late 1995, Jermaine Dupri hosted a party in Atlanta for major industry leaders and artists. This was the time of of his birthday. Suge Knight and his friend Jake Robles (who was a Bloods gang member) were there along with Combs. Jermaine Dupri said that Suge and Diddy argued at the party. Later, their argument continued outside, then someone shot and murdered Jake Robles, Suge's friend. People have accused Diddy's former bodyguard Wolf of being involved in the shooting. To this day, Suge Knight blamed Diddy for the death of his friend. In 1995, Suge Knight bailed out Tupac for $1.4 million bail. This was done for him to sign with Death Row records. Tupac knew of Suge's reputation, but he was desperate to leave prison. John Potash documented that Tupac was threatened so much by inmates and guards in prison that his revolutionary uncles used their influence to stop the threats. The guards in prison put Tupac in solitary confinement and restricted his showers. Suge Knight is known for not only beating up men (like George and Lynwood Stanley. Suge Knight has also been accused of selling drugs), but he beat on women too. He forced one man to drink urine. Simon reaped what he has sown. Bruce Richardson's memory lives on. For those who don't know, Bruce Richardson was a 6ft. 5 tall man who knew martial arts. When Suge refused to pay Richardson, Richardson came to Suge face to face and slap him up in a club (as Bruce knew martial laws). Later, Bruce was murdered. His case was unsolved, but it is suspected that 2 Bloods murdered him. Kelly Jamerson was murdered. Also, undercover police was infilitrating the mainstream hip hop industry. Reggie Wright Jr. was an ex-cop, and his father, Reggie Wright Sr. was a retired police officer. October 1995 was when Tupac left prison. During this time, people in Brooklyn shot at the trailer of Snoop and the Dogg Pound after releasing New York, New York (Snoop destroyed buildings in the video). Biggie said that he can't believe that Snoop and the Dogg Pound were filming in NYC. Tupac continued to make diss tracks against Bggie in songs like Against All Odds, Bomb First (My Second Reply), and Hit Em Up. Tupac and members of the Dogg Pound disrespected Biggie and other artists in the song NY 87. Tupac in the song explicitly said "F__ New York."
By late 1995 and early 1996, the media promoted this coastal rap feud. Many fans of hip hop took sides, some didn't, and others were confused. The movement caused LL Cool J to have a song called I Shot Ya (remix) in 1995 with rising and new artists like Keith Murray, Prodigy, Fat Joe, and Foxy Brown. The song is notable for Pordigy to be the first mention the Illuminati and secret societies as an hip hop artist. Tupac approached Keith Murray and asked him if the song from LL Cool J was about him. Keith said no. This was at the House of Blues. LL Cool J denied the song being directed at Tupac Shakur, but LL admitted that he made references to Kool Moe Dee, MC Hammer, and Ice T in the realm of hip hop competition. In 1996, Tupac Shakur was the most popular hip hop artist in the world. Biggie never directly responded to Tupac. Instead, the Notorious B.I.G. used subliminal references in songs to diss Tupac in Brooklyn's Finest with Jay Z, The Ugliest (which had Busta Rhymes on it. The song was produced by the legendary DJ J Dilla), and Long Kiss Goodnight (Lil Cease said that it was about Tupac while Diddy denies this). P Diddy in 1996 had a song called Stop Yappin' where he disrespected Tupac Shakur. Many other artists disrespected Tupac in 1996 like Chino XL and DMX for no legitimate reason. In the midst of this time form 1994 to 1997, there was rap battles between Westside Connection vs. Cypress Hill, Q-Tip, and Common. By the end of 1996, in September, Tupac Shakur wanted to promote the One Nation album in ending the East Coast/West Coast tensions. Tupac Shakur wanted to settle down with Kadada and have children. Tupac Shakur wanted to go into politics more, set up community centers, celebrate Black Panther Legends, and move forward with his life. According toe the bodyguard Moore, on September 5, 1996, Tupac and Suge Knight had an argument about Snoop saying he was cool with Biggie and contractual issues. Later, he was murdered by a group of cowards. Ironically, the Notorious B.I.G. wanted to end the East Coast/West Coast tensions before he died in 1997. He was murdered by a coward in Los Angeles. On September 22, 1996, a peace summit was convened at Mosque Maryam by Louis Farrakhan after Tupac's murder. There was another one after the murder of the Notorious B.I.G. These summits were held in the 1980's too in order to call for peace. After the deaths of 2 artists, there was a calming period, but hip hop beefs, even ending in deaths, unfortunately continued well into the 21st century.
The era of 1994-1996 saw the growth of unique, talented artists too. Hip hop in 1994 saw artists making albums like the Fugees, Casaul, Scholly D, Beastie Boys, Nefertiti, Gang Starr, The Roots, M.O.P., Nas, OutKast, Master P., Public Enemy, Bone Thugs and Harmony, Kane, the Notorious Bi.I.G, Craig Mack, Keith Murray, Common, Digable Planets, Scarface, Artifacts, Brand Nubian, Slick Rick, etc. Hip Hop music expanded into new markets, and more people saw their views shown. Regulate from Warren G ft. Nate Dog shown G-funk. Coolio's Fantastic Voyage was a funner record. Thuggish Ruggish Bone from Beon introduced many people to Cleveland hip hop. Ahmad's Back in the Day reflected on his past. Juicy was the philosophical record of the Notorious B.I.G. Salt-N-Pepa made statements with None of Your Business. Give It Up was from Public Enemy. One of Scarface's greatest records is "I Seen a Man Die." The year of 1995 in hip hop had tons of 90s sounds. The Roots released "Do You Want More?." DJ Quik, Big L, King Tee, Mobb Deep, Three 6 Mafia, Tupac (with his All Eyez on Me album), Master P, Mack 10, MC Breed, Luniz, Bone (with E. 1999 Eternal), Natas, Raekwon, Junior Mafia, Kool G trap, Coolio, Mic Geronimo, LL Cool J, etc. made tons of music. One of the most introspective and emotional songs in 1995 was Gangsta' Paradise ft. L.V. It talked the harsh realities of the ghettos without glorifying violence. It discussed the pain and the hurt of those suffering in oppressed communities. It won many awards. Gangsta's Paradise was inspired by Stevie Wonder, and it is one of the greatest songs in hip hop history. LL Cool J had the hit with Boyz II Men called Hey Lover. The Notorious B.I.G. had the song One More Chance with Faith Evans and Mary J. Blige. The cameos in the video had tons of artists like Total, Heavy D. Mary J. Blige, Luther Campbell, Spike Lee, Da Brat, Jermaine Dupri, D-Nice, Patra, Miss Jones, Queen Latifah, Craig Mack,Cypress Hill, Tyson Beckford, Aaliyah, Changing Faces, Kid Capri, Junior Mafia, Zhane, and Sean Combs. Method Man and Mary J. Blige made the song of I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By. It was about love among a black man and a black woman in struggling circumstances. Tupac Shakur's song of Dear Mama in 1995 was one of the greatest hip hop songs of all time showing the love of a son for his mother. In 1995, there was How High from Method Man and Redman, I wish from Skee-Lo, Bone's music, Sugar Hill form AZ, Ice Cream from Raekwon, etc. 8Ball & MJG made music. 1996 was a year in hip hop that was dominated by Tupac Shakur. All Eyez on Me was released by Tupac. The Fugees had the Score. Lod Finesse release The Awakening. Bahamadia released Kollage. Busta Rhymes had the Coming album. Master P had the Ice Cream Man album. MC Breed, Dr. Dre, Too Short, Lost Boyz, Ice T, and De La Soul had Stakes is High. 1996 was a year that had some of the greatest hip hop music around. In 1996, Sadat X, UGK, A Tribe Called Quest, Crucial Conflict, A+, MC Lyte, OutKast (wth ATLiens), Rass Kass, Jeru the Damaja, Xzibit, Westside Connection, M.O.P, PMD, Lil Kim, LL Cool J, Snoop Dogg, FoxyBrown, Keith Murray, 36 Mafia, Redman, and other artists released albums. One of the greatest songs of Bone Thugs N Harmony was the Crossroads from 1996. It honored the lives of loved ones. It was a song that was dedicated to their mentor Eazy E too. Tupac's songs in 1996 were very numerous. Nas and Lauryn Hill made the song If I Ruled the World in 1996 when I was in the 7th grade. De La Soul's Stakes is High video in 1996 criticized not only gangster rap in an overt way. They criticized materialistic culture and predicted the further exploitation and social corruption found in mainstream hip hop. Outkast's Elveators (Me and You) showed soul and great lyricism. Outkast refuted the lie and stereotype of Southern hip hop lacking complex metaphors or lyrics. The Lost Boyz' Renee was a songs about a love story ending bad. The Roots' What They Do criticized hip hop having materialism excessively too and the fakeness of some artists. It targeted the bling bling cliches. The Fugees' Ready or Not and Killing Me Softly showed their impact on hip hop culture. Tupac's To Live and Die in LA gave a celebration of Los Angeles in general. Jeru The Damaja's Ya Playing Yaself against criticized violence and corporate exploitation of hip hop artists. Hype Williams directed the song Hit Em High being the soundtrack of Space Film featuring B-Real, Coolio, Method Man, LL Cool J, and Busta Rhymes. It has great graphics and excellent lyricism without profanity. The end of 1996 saw Tupac's The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory ruling the charts. Jay Z's Reasonable Doubt came about in 1996. Jay Z was just starting, and few would view him as being the richest hip hop artist in history being a billionaire by 2020. Tupac's California Love was all about praising the state of California. From Tribe, Lord Finese, KRS-One, Bahamadia, and other artists, 1996 had one of the most soulful years in music history. Hip hop in 1997 was the end of one era and the start of a new era. During the early part of 1997, there was the growth of the pop songs. The bling bling and shiny suit era started, and the Notorious B.I.G. passed away on March 9, 1997. The Rhyme and Reason soundtrack was out on January 14, 1997. Before Biggie's death, there were Kol keith, C-Bo, Funkmaster Flex, Luniz, TRU, and other artists making music.
One of the most important examples found in trigonometry is how angles can be divided into degrees and radians. Degrees are easy to understand. Acute angles are less than 90 degrees, right angles have 90 degrees, and obtuse angles are more than 90 degrees. A straight angle is one that is 180 degrees, a reflex angle is an angle greater than 180 degrees, and these angles help us in many fields from architecture to computer science. A right angle is pi/2 radian, a straight angle has pi radian, and a full angle is 360 degrees. There are diverse triangles too. The equilateral triangle has 60 degrees on each angle. An acute triangle has each angle being less than 90 degrees, a right triangle has one angle with 90 degrees, the obtuse triangle has one angle that is over 80 degree, the scalene is a triangle with angles that aren't equal, and the isosceles triangle has 2 equal angles.
There are tons of precalculus examples. One example is how to find the point ofr intersection of lines with equations like x-2y=5 and 2x-5y=11. Then, you multiple x-2y=5 by 2 to get 2x-4y=10. Then, you use 2x-4y=10 - 2x -5y=11 to get y=-1. Then the y=-1 is substituted in x-2(y)=5 to solve for x. x is found to be 3. So , the point of intersection is (3,-1) among the 2 lines. Another example is an equation of the line which passes through the points (1,4) and (-3,2). The slope of the line must be found first by m=4-2/1-(-3)=1/2. The equation is y=4=1/2(x-1) or y=1/2x+7/2. Another aspect of precalculus examples involve algebraic simplification. There is an example of x3-8/x2-4. To simplify the example, you expand both functions into the polynomials of (x-2)(x2+2x+4)/(x-2)(x+2), then that is simplified to x2+2x+4/x+2.
Learning about statistics is very vital in comprehending how the world functions. With the existence of the coronavirus, you precisely need to get facts on median, maximums, and various ranges on graphs that describe how many people have the virus. Experiments and studies deal with statistics constantly. Researchers summarize data using indexes, mean, the standard deviation, and inferential statistics. The earliest writings on probability and statistics plus statistical methods drawing form probability theory date back to Arabic mathematicians and cryptographers like Al-Khalil (717-786) and Al-Kindi (801-873). The mean is the average of a set of numbers or the sum or the values divided by the number of values. The median is a set of data separated into the lower and higher halves (where the central number is found). The standard deviation is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance and is generally written as sigma. Variance is the measure o its statistical dispersion of a random variable. It shows how far from the expected value its values typically are.
For thousands of years, human beings have used trigonometry for many functions. When people study the angles found in Nature, then people know that mathematics has great value. Long ago, the scholars of the Earth knew of the movements of the stars, moon, and planets. Trigonometry helps us to understand that life is more than chemicals and biological functions. Life deals with concepts of moral principles, mathematical formulas, and developing ways to build up our societies. They knew of these things using not only astronomy but mathematics too. The way buildings are shaped, the why DNA is organized, and the outline of the other structures of the Universe has been related to precalculus in all of its manifestations. For example, the Great Pyramids of ancient Egypt dealt with angles, architecture, and various complex measurements of large stones in order for those buildings to be fully constructed. How physics work, the study of forces, spreading of molecules, and the orientation if how chemicals travel allow us to see how valuable precalculus is. No one should diminish the importance of mathematics. For years, we have learned how to count, how to evaluate logarithmic equations, and how to develop ways of building institutions require an understanding of mathematics. In the way of the world, we see how STEM fields, precalculus has inspired tons of people to have careers like those who are engineers, teachers, architects, and other human beings. The greatness of exponents, quadratic equations, polynomials, and cones allow us to see the power plus great value of the Universe.
By Timothy
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