1963 was the last year when President John Fitzgerald Kennedy would live on this Earth. By January 10, 1963, he met with President elect Juan Bosch of the Dominican Republic. On the next day, President Kennedy met with Labor Secretary W. Willard Wirtz and AFL-CIO President George Meany. On January 12, President Kennedy announced the appointment of David L. Lawrence as Chairman of the President's Committee on Equal Opportunity in Housing. Kennedy also appointed Phil N. Bornstein as Federal Housing Commissioner. January 14, 1963, was when President Kennedy gave his third and final State of the Union address. On February 10, the President and the First Lady attended the revue Beyond the Fringe in New York City. President Kennedy makes the seventh international trip of his presidency, travelling to San José, Costa Rica, where he attends the Conference of Presidents of the Central American Republics. This was from March 18-20. By June 10, 1963, President John F. Kennedy gave the commencement address at American University in Washington, D.C. In that speech, he called for the long-term goal of peace during the height of tensions during the Cold War. In that speech, he said the following words, "...By sponsoring this institution of higher learning for all who wish to learn, whatever their color or their creed, the Methodists of this area and the Nation deserve the Nation's thanks, and I commend all those who are today graduating...I have, therefore, chosen this time and this place to discuss a topic on which ignorance too often abounds and the truth is too rarely perceived--yet it is the most important topic on earth: world peace.
What kind of peace do I mean? What kind of peace do we seek? Not a Pax Americana enforced on the world by American weapons of war. Not the peace of the grave or the security of the slave. I am talking about genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living, the kind that enables men and nations to grow and to hope and to build a better life for their children--not merely peace for Americans but peace for all men and women--not merely peace in our time but peace for all time....So, let us not be blind to our differences--but let us also direct attention to our common interests and to the means by which those differences can be resolved. And if we cannot end now our differences, at least we can help make the world safe for diversity. For, in the final analysis, our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children's future. And we are all mortal...."
On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy gave the history Civil Rights Address (which was his greatest speech) during the aftermath of the Birmingham Campaign and the recent Stand in the Schoolhouse Door incident and further calls for legislation to enact a civil rights bill. This was the first speech where an American President explicitly called for a civil rights bill and human equality in a very long time. He said these words, "...The heart of the question is whether all Americans are to be afforded equal rights and equal opportunities, whether we are going to treat our fellow Americans as we want to be treated...They are not yet freed from the bonds of injustice. They are not yet freed from social and economic oppression. And this Nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts, will not be fully free until all its citizens are free..."
From June 23 to July 2, 1963, President John F. Kennedy made his 8th international trip of his Presidency. From June 23-25, he visited Cologne, Frankfurt, and Wisebaden, West Germany. He has meetings with West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and other officials. He visited Berlin by June 26 where he gave his famous "ich bin ein Berliner" speech. President Kennedy in that speech supported representative democracy and capitalism as a replacement for communist regimes around the world. From June 26-29, he visited Dublin, Wexford, Cork, Galway, and Limerick, Ireland and visited his ancestral home; also addressed the Oireachtas (parliament). From June 29-30, he came to the United Kingdom for an informal visit with British Harold Macmillan at his home in West Sussex, England. President Kennedy came to Naples and Rome, Italy where he met with Italian President Antonio Segni, and NATO officials (from July 1-2). July 2, 1963, was when President Kennedy had an audience with the newly elected Pope Paul VI at the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City (on July 2, 1963). President Kennedy met with a group of Boys Nation senators, including future U.S. President Bill Clinton, at the White House (on July 24, 1963). On August 7, 1963, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, President and Mrs. Kennedy's third child, is born (five-and-a-half weeks prematurely) at the Otis Air Force Base Hospital in Bourne, Massachusetts. Shortly after birth, he develops symptoms of hyaline membrane disease, now called infant respiratory distress syndrome. 2 days later, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy passed at the Boston Children's Hospital. This tragedy changed President Kennedy forever and made him become closer to his wife. On August 28, 1963, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom occurs in Washington, D.C., culminating in the now-famous "I Have A Dream" speech by Martin Luther King Jr. Estimates of the number of marchers range from 200,000 to 300,000. After the march, Dr. King meets with President Kennedy, alongside other civil rights activists.
On September 20, 1963, President Kennedy made his address before the United Nations General Assembly (JFK's second) stating various specific recommendations to "move the world to a just and lasting peace." On September 28, 1963, there was the Dedication of Clair A. Hill Whiskeytown Dam just outside Redding, California in Shasta County. Kennedy touted the reservoir as the largest of the Trinity County Dams" that "could be used to benefit the farms and lands further south." On October 3, 1963, President John F. Kennedy visited Cleburne County, Arkansas, to dedicate the Greers Ferry Dam. This is the last major public appearance before he was shot in Dallas. On October 7, 1963, President Kennedy signed the Partial Test Ban Treaty, prohibiting all nuclear weapons testing providing an exception for underground nuclear testing only. By October 8, 1963, President Kennedy announced an agreement with the Soviet Union to open negotiations for the sale of American wheat. By October 11, 1963, President Kennedy approves the recommendations made by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Maxwell Taylor, and outlined in National Security Action Memoranda (NSAM 263, South Vietnam), to (1) conclude a complete US military withdrawal from Vietnam by December 31, 1965; (2) that the first of these troops, numbering 1,000, will have left Vietnam by December 31, 1963; (3) that a public announcement will be issued, to set these decisions in concrete. This policy proved that President Kennedy never desired to send about 200,000 troops into Vietnam. He wanted to end U.S. troop involvement in the war by 1965. On November 4, 1963, in a private diction at the Oval Office, following the assassination of South Vietnam President Diem, President Kennedy admits that the US Government had been discussing for three months the implementation of a coup d'état in S. Vietnam, with both dissenting and approving views, and which, at length, the plan to depose the leader of S. Vietnam had been authorized and approved by President Kennedy.
By November 14, President Kennedy attends a dedication ceremony at the border of Maryland and Delaware marking the completion of the Northeast Expressway and the Delaware Turnpike, which together form part of Interstate 95 and provided a limited-access route between Baltimore and the approach to the Delaware Memorial Bridge. Both roads were renamed the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway a month later following his assassination. On November 18, President Kennedy travels to Tampa, Florida. There, he visited the military's Strike Command Headquarters, attended a luncheon at the officer's club, made a speech at the Florida Chamber of Commerce, and another to the United Steelworker's Union. On November 21, 1963, there is another important event going on. President Kennedy asks his economic advisers to prepare the War on Poverty for 1964. Less than two months after the President's assassination, President Johnson introduced the legislation in his first State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, and two of the major pieces of related legislation – the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 and the Social Security Act of 1965 – are signed into law on August 20, 1964, and July 30, 1965, respectively. President John F. Kennedy started the War on Poverty which refutes far rights claims that Kennedy was a total conservative. JFK said in one speech that he was a liberal. So, President John F. Kennedy was a liberal President. On November 22, 1963, the world would change forever, and President John F. Kennedy would witness his final day on Earth.
On Thursday afternoon, on April 4, 1968, Dr. King was staying in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. The motel was owned by businessman Walter Bailey and was named after his wife. Reverend Ralph Abernathy, a colleague and friend, later told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that he and King had stayed in Room 306 at the Lorraine Motel so often that it was known as the "King–Abernathy Suite." According to biographer Taylor Branch, King's last words were to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night at a planned event. King said, "Ben, make sure you play 'Take My Hand, Precious Lord' in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty." According to Rev. Samuel Kyles, who was standing several feet away, King was leaning over the balcony railing in front of Room 306 and was speaking with Rev. Jesse Jackson when the shot rang out. King was struck in the face at 6:01 p.m. by a single .30-06 bullet fired from a Remington Model 760 rifle. The bullet entered through King's right cheek, breaking his jaw and several vertebrae as it traveled down his spinal cord, severing his jugular vein and major arteries in the process, before lodging in his shoulder. The force of the shot ripped King's necktie off. King fell backward onto the balcony, unconscious. Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the deck, bleeding profusely from the wound in his cheek. Jesse Jackson stated after the shooting that he cradled King's head as King lay on the balcony, but this account was disputed by other colleagues of King; Jackson later changed his statement to say that he had "reached out" for King. Andrew Young, a colleague from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, first believed King was dead, but found he still had a pulse. King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where doctors opened his chest and performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. He never regained consciousness and died at 7:05 p.m. According to Branch, King's autopsy revealed that his heart was in the condition of a 60-year-old man rather than that of a 39-year-old such as King, which Branch attributed to the stress of King's 13 years in the civil rights movement. Shortly after the shot was fired, witnesses saw a man fleeing from the room house across the street from the Lorraine motel (the federal government said that this person was James Earl Ray. Other people dispute this). Ray was renting a room in the boarding house.
Police found a package dumped close to the site that included a rifle and binoculars, both with Ray's fingerprints. Ray had purchased the rifle under an alias six days earlier. A worldwide manhunt was triggered that culminated in Ray's arrest at Heathrow Airport, London, two months later. On March 10, 1969, he pleaded guilty to the first-degree murder of Martin Luther King Jr., which was later recanted. King's widow, Coretta, had difficulty informing her children that their father was dead. She received a large number of telegrams, including one from Lee Harvey Oswald's mother that she regarded as the one that had touched her the most. In the civil rights movement, many people though the strategy of nonviolence ended with the King assassinations. Others didn't believe in that assumption and followed through with the Poor People's Campaign. Many black leaders wanted to continue Dr. King's work of promoting nonviolence. Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy gave a speech to prevent violence in Indianapolis. He gave his words as a means to show that Americans can come together after the tragedy of Dr. King's unjust assassination to promote solutions to problems involving racism, the war in Vietnam, divisions among age groups, etc. Robert Kennedy quoted the ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus the following words, "Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God."
Senator Robert F. Kennedy wanted people to send prayers to the King Family and improve the conditions of American society. The next day, Kennedy gave a prepared response, "On the Mindless Menace of Violence", in Cleveland, Ohio. That speech condemned violence and sought constructive avenues in establishing true social change in society in general. President Lyndon B. Johnson was in the Oval Office that evening, planning a meeting in Hawaii with Vietnam War military commanders. After press secretary George Christian informed him at 8:20 p.m. of the assassination, he canceled the trip to focus on the nation. He assigned Attorney General Ramsey Clark to investigate the assassination in Memphis. He made a personal call to King's wife, Coretta Scott King, and declared April 7 a National Day of Mourning on which the U.S. flag would be flown at half-staff. Racists like Maddox and Reagan disrespected Dr. King even after his assassination.
On April 8, King's widow Coretta Scott King and her four young children led a crowd estimated at 40,000 in a silent march through the streets of Memphis to honor King and support the cause of the city's black sanitation workers. Governor Lester Maddox of Georgia called King "an enemy of our country" and threatened to "personally raise" the state capitol flag back from half-staff. California Governor Ronald Reagan described the assassination as "a great tragedy that began when we began compromising with law and order and people started choosing which laws they'd break." South Carolina senator Strom Thurmond wrote to his constituents: "We are now witnessing the whirlwind sowed years ago when some preachers and teachers began telling people that each man could be his own judge in his own case."
Immediately after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the 1968 rebellions happened. These rebellions were unprecedented and so large, that it was the largest rebellions in American history, other than the American Civil War. Many civil rights leaders condemned the rebellion like James Farmer Jr. as in opposition to the dream of Dr. King. As Dr. King has said, destruction of innocent persons and innocent property have no justification, but these crimes are derivative crimes from the greater crimes done by a racist society that terrorizes black Americans for years and centuries in America alone.
Disturbances happened in New York City, but New York City mayor John Lindsay came into Harlem telling black residents that he regretted King's death and was working against poverty. He is credited for averting major riots in New York with this direct response although minor disturbances still erupted in the city. In Indianapolis, Indiana, Senator Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. is credited with preventing a riot there. In Boston, rioting may have been averted by a James Brown concert taking place on the night of April 5, with Brown, Mayor Kevin White, and City Councilor Tom Atkins speaking to the Garden crowd about peace and unity before the show.
In Los Angeles, the Los Angeles Police Department and community activists averted a repeat of the 1965 riots that devastated portions of the city. Several memorials were held in tribute to King throughout the Los Angeles area on the days leading into his funeral service. Washington D.C. had a huge rebellion. 110 cities saw unrest in the world. In D.C., there was many jobs giving to American Americans by the early 20th century. Middle class African-American neighborhoods prospered. Despite the end of legally mandated racial segregation, the historic neighborhoods of Shaw, the H Street Northeast corridor, and Columbia Heights, centered at the intersection of 14th and U Streets Northwest, remained the centers of African-American commercial life in the city.
As word of King's murder in Memphis spread on the evening of Thursday, April 4, crowds began to gather at 14th and U. Kwame Ture led members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to stores in the neighborhood demanding that they close out of respect. Although polite at first, the crowd fell out of control and began breaking windows. By 11pm, widespread looting had begun.
Mayor-Commissioner Walter Washington ordered the damage cleaned up immediately the next morning. However, anger was still evident on Friday morning when Kwame Ture addressed a rally at Howard, warning of violence. After the close of the rally, crowds walking down 7th Street NW and in the H Street NE corridor came into violent confrontations with police. By midday, numerous buildings were on fire, and firefighters were prevented from responding by crowds attacking with bottles and rocks.
Crowds of as many as 20,000 overwhelmed the District's 3,100-member police force, and 11,850 federal troops and 1,750 D.C. National Guardsmen under orders of President Lyndon B. Johnson arrived on the streets of D.C. to assist them. Marines mounted machine guns on the steps of the Capitol and Army soldiers from the 3rd Infantry guarded the White House. At one point, on April 5, rioting reached within two blocks of the White House before rioters retreated. The occupation of Washington was the largest of any American city since the Civil War. Mayor Washington imposed a curfew and banned the sale of alcohol and guns in the city. By the time the city was considered pacified on Sunday, April 8, some 1,200 buildings had been burned, including over 900 stores. Damages reached $27 million.
The riots utterly devastated Washington's inner-city economy. With the destruction or closing of businesses, thousands of jobs were lost, and insurance rates soared. Made uneasy by the violence, city residents of all races accelerated their departure for suburban areas, depressing property values. Crime in the burned out neighborhoods rose sharply, further discouraging investment. It would decades after 1968, and remains of the rebellion still remains.
On April 5, there was violence in the West Side of Chicago. It eventually expanded to consume a 28-block stretch of West Madison Street, with additional damage occurring on Roosevelt Road. The North Lawndale and East Garfield Park neighborhoods on the West Side and the Woodlawn neighborhood on the South Side experienced the majority of the destruction and chaos. The rioters broke windows, looted stores, and set buildings (both abandoned and occupied) on fire. Firefighters quickly flooded the neighborhood, and Chicago's off-duty firefighters were told to report for duty. There were 36 major fires reported between 4:00 pm and 10:00 pm alone. The next day, Mayor Richard J. Daley imposed a curfew on anyone under the age of 21, closed the streets to automobile traffic, and halted the sale of guns or ammunition.
Approximately 10,500 police were sent in, and by April 6, more than 6,700 Illinois National Guard troops had arrived in Chicago with 5,000 regular Army soldiers from the 1st Armored and 5th Infantry Divisions being ordered into the city by President Johnson. The General in charge declared that no one was allowed to have gatherings in the riot areas, and he authorized the use of tear gas. Daley gave police the authority "to shoot to kill any arsonist or anyone with a Molotov cocktail in his hand ... and ... to shoot to maim or cripple anyone looting any stores in our city."
By the time order was restored on April 7, 11 people had died, 500 had been injured, and 2,150 had been arrested. Over 200 buildings were damaged in the disturbance with damage costs running up to $10 million. The south side ghetto had escaped the major chaos mainly because the two large street gangs, the Blackstone Rangers and the East Side Disciples, cooperated to control their neighborhoods. Many gang members did not participate in the rioting, due in part to King's direct involvement with these groups in 1966.
There rebellion in Baltimore existed. Then the National Guard came to stop it. By Sunday evening, 5,000 paratroopers, combat engineers, and artillerymen from the XVIII Airborne Corps in Fort Bragg, North Carolina, specially trained in tactics, including sniper school, were on the streets of Baltimore with fixed bayonets, and equipped with chemical (CS) disperser backpacks. Two days later, they were joined by a Light Infantry Brigade from Fort Benning, Georgia. With all the police and troops on the streets, the situation began to calm down. The Federal Bureau of Investigation reported that H. Rap Brown was in Baltimore driving a Ford Mustang with Broward County, Florida tags, and was assembling large groups of angry protesters and agitating them to escalate the rioting. In several instances, these disturbances were rapidly quelled through the use of bayonets and chemical dispersers by the XVIII Airborne units. That unit arrested more than 3,000 detainees, who were turned over to the Baltimore Police. A general curfew was set at 6 p.m. in the city limits and martial law was enforced. As rioting continued, African American plainclothes police officers and community leaders were sent to the worst areas to prevent further violence. By the end of the unrest, 6 people had died, 700 were injured, and 5,800 had been arrested; property damage was estimated at over $12 million. Spiro T. Agnew was the Governor of Maryland and scapegoated black leaders for the situations. Nixon choose him to be Vice Presidential candidate. Violence existed in Kansas City, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Trenton, Wilmington (in Delaware when the National Guard occupied the city for 9.5 months), Louisville, and other places. Lyndon Johnson met with many leaders to cause peace. He met with Vice President Hubert Humphrey, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, and federal judge Leon Higginbotham; government officials such as Secretary Robert Weaver and D.C. Mayor Walter Washington; legislators Mike Mansfield, Everett Dirksen, William McCulloch; and civil rights leaders Whitney Young, Roy Wilkins, Clarence Mitchell, Dorothy Height, and Walter Fauntroy. Notably absent were representatives of more radical groups such as SNCC and CORE. At the meeting, Mayor Washington asked President Johnson to deploy troops to the District of Columbia. Richard Hatcher, the newly elected black mayor of Gary, Indiana, spoke to the group about white racism and his fears of racially motivated violence in the future. Many of these leaders told Johnson that socially progressive legislation would be the best response to the crisis. The meeting concluded with prayers at the Washington National Cathedral. According to press secretary George Christian, Johnson was not surprised by the riots that followed: "What did you expect? I don't know why we're so surprised. When you put your foot on a man's neck and hold him down for three hundred years, and then you let him up, what's he going to do? He's going to knock your block off. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 or the Civil Rights Act of 1968 was passed after the start of the rebellions. Washington, D.C. and other cities had decades of infrastructure damage.
After the 1968 rebellion, we see the political polarization continue in our time. The far-right movement exploited those events to join the Republican Party and support Nixon. There were white flight and more middle class and rich black people moving into the suburbs. There was a tendency to obsess with "law and order" when we needed law and justice along with compassion. Deindustrialization and inflation from the Vietnam War crippled many urban areas. The roots of the modern-day culture wars existed. The Black Power movement including the Black Panthers reached their zenith during the aftermath of the 1968 rebellions. 55 years later, we have seen still massive reactionaries from the Proud Boys to the agenda of Ron DeSantis. Also, progressive movements for social change have existed in 2023 too.
To know about computers for real, you have to understand about the major parts of a computer. First, one major part of the computer is the Motherboard. The motherboard is a circuit board through which all the different components of a computer communicate and keeps everything together. The input and output devices are plugged into the motherboard for keep everything functioning properly. The input unit part of the computer is interesting. The motherboard is a green colored printed circuit board. All components of the computer are connected to the motherboard. The Motherboard has the memory slots, sockets, chipset, clock generation, expansion slots, storage connectors, etc.
Computers must respond to commands given to them in the form of numbers, alphabets, images, etc. This is done via input units or devices like keyboards, mouses, joysticks, etc. These inputs are then processed and converted to computer language and then the response is the output in the language that we understand or the one we have programmed the computer with. The result of the command we provide the computer with through the input device is called the output. The most used is the monitor since we give commands using the keyboard and after the processing, the result or outcome is displayed on the monitor. Output units can be webcams, microplanes, the printer, the monitor, speakers, headphones, etc. The Central Processing Unit (or CPU) is the brain of the computer. The CPU is a small chip placed on the socket of the motherboard to deal with calculations and input/output operations to be done to process data. Microprocessors are small sized CPU chips in modern computers. No action can take place in a computer without the permission and execution is the main processing unit.
A microprocessor houses the two components of a processor, processing unit and the control unit, on a single small IC. Modern microprocessors come as single core or multi-core. A multi-core microprocessor such as the Intel Core i7, have more than one processing units (cores) present on a single chip.
The CPU has 3 components that help in the smooth functioning of the CPU. The components of the CPU are the memory unit, the control unit, and the arithmetic and logical unit. The memory unit is the place where the information entered via input devices are saved it. The information is passed to other parts of the computer. When the output is ready, it is saved in the memory before the result is given to the user.
The control unit controls the functioning component of the computer. It collects the data entered, leads it on for processing after the processing is done, receives the output, and provides it to the user. So, getting instructions, decoding them, signaling the execution, and receiving the output is done by the control center and hence it is called the center of all processing actions that happen in the computer. The arithmetic and logical unit does mathematical calculations, arithmetic operations, comparison of data, and decision-making. It has circuits that are built for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and other calculations.
The computer has the GPU or the Graphics Processing Unit. The Graphics Processing Unit or the video card helps generate high-end visuals like the ones in video games. Good graphics like these are also helpful for people who have to execute their work through images like 3D modelers and others who use resource-intensive software. It generally communicates directly with the monitor. Also, the graphic processing unit is an output device connected to a computer which displays the desired graphics output produced by the graphics processing unit of the computer. Generally known as a monitor, a computer display can be an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) based or LED (Light Emitting Diode) based. Earlier computer display monitors were based on Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) but these became obsolete as more compact and advanced LCD and LED panels gained popularity.
RAM is the random access memory. RAM had volatile memory, because it gets erased every time the computer restarts. RAM stores the data regarding the programs which are frequently accessed programs and processed. It helps programs to start up and close quickly. It being slower has made it more obsolete these days. The computers need to store all their data and they have either a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or a Solid State Drive (SDD) for this purpose. Hard disk drives are disks that store data, and this data is read by a mechanical arm. Solid-State drives are like SIM cards in mobile phones. They have no moving parts and are faster than hard drives. There is no need for a mechanical arm to find data on a physical location on the drive and therefore this takes no time at all. CDs and DVD drives can be output devices too. The storage unit of a computer stores all the data and the instructions required for processing. It keeps intermediate results of processing. Hardware is very important in computers too. The Hardware deal with the monitor, motherboard, CPU, RAM Memory, power supply, CD-ROM Drive, hard disk, USB drives, Keyboard, mouse, etc. The software are operating systems applications, and games like MS Office, Adobe, computer games, Apple, etc. The CPU is measured in MHz (or megahertz) and GHz (or gigahertz). A hertz is a cycle per second. Mega means 1 million cycles per second, and giga would be 1 billion cycles per second. Empty RAMs 4 GB. is based on byte (or 8 bits). A K is 1,000, MB or megabyte is 1 million, etc. ROM is Read Only Memory of contains things that the computer needs to operate.
The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is responsible for starting your computer. When you press the power button, the BIOS comes into action. It first checks that all the components are connected are working fine. It then loads the operating system. It also behaves as a middleman between and the operating system and the hardware components of the computer.
BIOS is actually a firmware (software) which can be stored either on a non-volatile memory chip present on the motherboard. The chip is a flash memory chip or EEPROM on which the data can be rewritten but it stays intact when we cut the power, unlike the normal RAM. This facilitates an easy upgrade of the BIOS firmware.
There are many parts of a smartphone. There is the display of the smartphone. It is an internal device component. Display technologies do have 2 main types. They are called LCDs (IPS technology with its variations) and those based on LEDs (AMOLED or Super AMOLED and its variations). The difference is that, on an LCD-based display, there is a backlight shining through some polarizers and filters. By manipulating the crystal display, you can see a boatload of different colors on the other side. In layman’s terms is that the light is not being generated by the display itself; it is being caused by the light behind the display, and only some of it is coming from the other side.
Now, on an LED-based display, the light-emitting-diodes are doing all the magic. All the pixels that you can or cannot see are being emitted by these minuscule light-emitting-diodes (also known as LEDs, producing red, green, and blue colors).
Over here, the display itself generates different and vibrant colors. The advantage of AMOLED or Super AMOLED displays over its IPS LCD counterparts is that the individual pixels can turn themselves off. By doing that, they’re not using up any battery, which is why most people recommend using dark mode and dark wallpapers on phones with AMOLED panels.
However, with an LCD, if you’re seeing black, the crystal display is manipulated so that none of the light gets through. However, the light behind the display is still being generated, meaning that the smartphone will be using small bits of the battery. The battery of a smartphone typically has lithium-ion technology. Some are removable or not. The System on a chip (or SoC) is made up of the smartphone's CPU and GPU, LTE modem, display processor, video processor, and other silicon that makes up the functional system of a phone. Smartphone needs RAM and memory (the system storage) to function. Many mobile devices have LPDDR4X RAM, while some high-end smartphones ship with LPDDR5 RAM. ‘LP’ stands for ‘Low-Power,’ reducing the total voltage of these chips, making them highly efficient, and giving mobile phones extended battery life.
LPDDR4X is more efficient and powerful than LPDDR4, while LPDDR5 is the holy grail of RAM, resulting in unprecedented speeds and efficiency. LPDDR5 is more expensive to produce, though, which is why you only see them in flagship smartphones. There are newer generations of RAM like LPDDR6. Some smartphones can have memory from 32GB to 256GB. Smartphones have modem to deal with communication (including receive and send text messages). The 9 LTE modem is the fastest modem out now. Smartphones with cameras have the sensor (that detects light), the lens (the part which light comes though), and the image processor. Megapixels on the smartphone helps with the camera to produce images. The sensors have the accelerometer, gyroscope, digital compass, ambient light sensor, and the proximity sensor.
There were two funeral services of Dr. King on April 9, 1968. The first memorial service took place on April 5, 1968, at the R.S. Lewis Funeral Home in Memphis, Tennessee. The 2 major funeral services took place afterwards. A state funeral or lying in state was refused to King by the racist then-governor of Georgia Lester Maddox, who had considered King an "enemy of the country" and had stationed 64 riot-helmeted state troopers at the steps of the state capitol in Atlanta to protect state property. He also initially refused to allow the state flag to be lowered at half-staff, but was compelled to do so when told that the lowering was a federal mandate. There were concerns that U.S. president Lyndon Johnson might be the subject of protests, over the conduct of the war in Vietnam, which would disrupt the funeral. Vice President Hubert Humphrey attended on his behalf. Coretta Scott King visited the funeral home at R.S. Lewis Funeral Home in Memphis. Robert F. Kennedy arranged Coretta Scott King to arrive in Memphis. Ralph Abernathy offered a prayer while tears came down from Andrew Young's face. Later that day, police and National Guardsmen escorted the long procession of cars which carried King's body to the airport for the flight to Atlanta.
The first, private service began at 10:30 a.m. EST at Ebenezer Baptist Church, and was filled with some 1,300 people; among the dignitaries present were labor leaders, foreign dignitaries, entertainment and sports figures and leaders from numerous religious faiths. The service began with Reverend Ralph Abernathy delivering a sermon which called the event "one of the darkest hours of mankind." At his widow's request, King eulogized himself: His last sermon at Ebenezer Baptist Church, a recording of his famous "Drum Major Instinct" sermon, given on February 4, 1968, was played at the funeral. In that sermon he makes a request that at his funeral no mention of his awards and honors be made, but that it be said that he tried to "feed the hungry", "clothe the naked", "be right on the [Vietnam] war question", and "love and serve humanity." Per King's request, his good friend Mahalia Jackson sang his favorite hymn, "Take My Hand, Precious Lord", though not as part of the morning funeral service but later that day at a second open-air service at Morehouse College. The private funeral was followed by the loading of King's casket onto a simple wooden farm wagon pulled by two mules named Belle and Ada from Gee's Bend. The procession down the three-and-a-half miles from Ebenezer Baptist Church to Morehouse College was observed by over 100,000 people; the Southern Christian Leadership Conference commissioned a security detail to manage the crowd, while the Atlanta Police Department limited their participation to management of automobile traffic and to accompany dignitaries attending the events. The procession was silent, although it was accompanied on occasion by the singing of freedom songs which were frequently sung during the marches in which King had participated. Among the persons leading the procession, besides the immediate family of the civil rights leader, were Jesse Jackson, who held the flag of the United Nations, John Lewis, and Andrew Young the future mayor of Atlanta and ambassador to the United Nations. Labor leader and civil rights activist Walter Reuther also participated in King's funeral procession. The procession passed by the Georgia State Capitol building.
At the conclusion of the ceremony, the group sang "We Shall Overcome." The public and final service was held at Morehouse College, where King was eulogized by college president Benjamin Mays, who had given the benediction after King's "I Have a Dream" speech. Benjamin Mays was a civil rights activist and a friend to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. too.
Following the funeral, King's casket was loaded into a hearse for his final trip to the South-View Cemetery, a burial place predominantly reserved for African Americans. His remains were exhumed in 1970 and reburied at their current location at the plaza between the King Center and Ebenezer, and his widow Coretta was buried next to him in 2006.
By Timothy
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