The Katrina disaster happened in stages. By Tuesday, August 23, 2005, Katrina started as a tropical depression 12. It formed over in the Bahamas by 5pm. It existed partially from the Depression 10. The low level circulation to Ten was completely detached and dissipated with only the remnant mid level circulation moving on and merging with a second tropical wave. By Wednesday on August 24, 2005, 12 strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina. By Thursday on August 25, 2005, Katrina has strengthened into a Hurricane. Less than two hours later, Katrina made landfall n Keating Beach, just two miles south of the Fort Lauderdale International Airport. Sustained winds were 80 mph (130 km/h) and the pressure was 989 mbar. During its passage, the eye of the tropical storm moved directly over the office of the National Hurricane Center, which reported a wind gust of 87 mph (140 km/h). The strongest sustained winds in Florida was a report of 72 mph (116 km/h) on the roof of the Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science in Virginia Key. The same station recorded a gust of 94 mph (151 km/h). Unofficially, wind gusts reached 97 mph (156 km/h) at Homestead General Aviation Airport. Katrina lasted six hours on land over the water-laden Everglades as a tropical storm before reaching the Gulf of Mexico just north of Cape Sable. So, Katrina landed in Florida and moved into the Gulf of Mexico. By Friday, August 26, 2005, Katrina had decreased to 70 mph. It was a tropical storm at the time. It traveled into the Gulf.
At 5:00 AM EDT, the National Hurricane Center officially shifts the possible track of Katrina from the Florida Panhandle to the Mississippi/Alabama coast. Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine Governor Kathleen Babineaux Blanco declared a state of emergency for the state of Louisiana. The declaration included activation of the state of Louisiana's emergency response and recovery program under the command of the director of the state office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness to supply emergency support services. Following the declaration of a state of emergency, federal troops were deployed to Louisiana to coordinate the planning of operations with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 922 Army National Guard and 8 Air National Guard are deployed. By 4:00 PM EDT, Katrina was upgraded to a Category 2 storm when it was at Buras-Triumph, Louisiana, 66 miles (106 km) southeast of New Orleans. Katrina became a Category 3 storm by August 27, 2005.
At 10:00 AM EDT, officials in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, St. Tammany Parish, and Plaquemines Parish ordered a mandatory evacuation of all of their residents. Jefferson Parish and St. Bernard Parish ordered voluntary evacuations, recommending that all residents evacuate, particularly those living in lower areas. Jefferson Parish officials did declare a mandatory evacuation for the coastal areas of Grand Isle, Crown Point, Lafitte, and Barataria. Tolls were suspended on the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway as well as the Crescent City Connection, to speed up the evacuation process.
At 11:00 AM EDT, The National Hurricane Center issued a Hurricane Watch from Morgan City, Louisiana to the LA/MS border including New Orleans. At 5:00 PM EDT, New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin announced a state of emergency and a called for a voluntary evacuation. He added that he would stick with the state's evacuation plan and not order a mandatory evacuation until 30 hours before the expected landfall. This would allow those residents in low-lying surrounding parishes to leave first and avoid gridlocked escape routes. However, he did recommend that residents of low-lying areas of the city, such as Algiers and the 9th Ward, get a head start. Nagin said the city would open the Superdome as a shelter of last resort for evacuees with special needs. He advised anyone planning to stay there to bring their own food, drinks and other comforts such as folding chairs. "No weapons, no large items, and bring small quantities of food for three or four days, to be safe," he said. The Louisiana National Guard had delivered three truckloads of water and seven truckloads of MRE's to the Superdome, enough to supply 15,000 people for three days. The Hurricane Watch was expanded to Intracoastal City, Louisiana to the east and AL/FL border to the west. At 11:00 PM EDT, the Hurricane Watch was upgraded to a Hurricane Warning from Morgan City, Louisiana to the AL/FL border. In the forecast discussion, the National Hurricane Center stated that Katrina "is expected to be an intense and dangerous hurricane."
Governor Blanco sent a letter to President George W. Bush asking him to declare a major disaster for the State of Louisiana, in order to release federal financial assistance. In response to Governor Blanco's request, President Bush declared a federal state of emergency in Louisiana under the authority of the Stafford Act, which provided a, "means of assistance by the Federal Government to State and local governments in carrying out their responsibilities to alleviate the suffering and damage which result from such disasters..." The emergency declaration provided for federal assistance and funding, as well as assigned, by law, the responsibility for coordinating relief efforts with those government bodies and relief agencies which agree to operate under his advice or direction, to the FEMA federal coordinating officer (FCO). It also provided for military assets and personnel to be deployed in relief and support operations, although the Posse Comitatus Act imposes strict limitations on the use of Active Duty soldiers in law enforcement. 1701 Army National Guard and 932 Air National Guard are deployed (2633 total). That night, National Hurricane Center director Max Mayfield briefed President Bush, Governor Blanco, Governor Haley Barbour of Mississippi, and Mayor Nagin on the status of Hurricane Katrina.
By Sunday, August 28, 2005, the Hurricane Katrina increased to Category 5. New Orleans Mayor Nagin wanted a mandatory evacuation of people in New Orleans. Katrina is about to land soon. Authorities used the Louisiana Superdome as a place of last resort for residents unable to obtain safe transport out of the city of New Orleans. 20,000 people entered the Superdome. The Louisiana National Guard delivered three truckloads of water and seven truckloads of MRE's to the Superdome, enough to supply 15,000 people for three days. 4444 Army National Guard and 932 Air National Guard are deployed (5,736 people total). President Bush declared a state of emergency in Alabama and Mississippi, and a major disaster in Florida, under the authority of the Stafford Act. By Monday on August 29, 2005, the levees on Industrial Canal near the I-10 bridge failed. Storm surge entered the canal. The Superdome's power went out. Hurricane Katrina made its second landfall near Buras, Louisiana. It was 125 mph.
Katrina continued north into St. Bernard Parish, crossed Lake Borgne, and made its final landfall near the mouth of the Pearl River on the Louisiana-Mississippi border as a Category 3 storm with winds of 120 mph. Waters began to rush through the Mississippi Gulf Outlet and Lake Borgne converging at the "Funnel" with the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, north of the Lower Ninth Ward. Levees along the eastern portion of the Mississippi Gulf Outlet began to be overtopped and/or destroyed causing waters to start rushing to the Lower Ninth Ward. By 6:30 AM CDT (1130 UTC), power was lost in much of New Orleans. At 6:30 AM CDT (1130 UTC), Levees at the Funnel were overtopped. Waters in the Lower Ninth Ward began to rise faster while waters rushed into the Industrial Canal. At 6:50 AM CDT (1150 UTC), levees all along the Industrial Canal were overtopped. Water surged into the Lower Ninth Ward as levees on three sides of the neighborhood had failed.
At 7:45 AM CDT (1245 UTC), the levees on the eastern side of the southern end of the Industrial Canal explosively break sending 20ft. of water into the Lower Ninth Ward. Houses in the vicinity of the break were destroyed or pushed off of their foundations. By 8:00 AM CDT (1300 UTC), water was seen rising on both sides of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans. Mayor Nagin says that a pumping system in the Lower Ninth Ward had failed.
At approximately 8:14 AM CDT (1314 UTC), the National Weather Service's New Orleans office issued a Flash Flood Warning for Orleans and St. Bernard parishes, citing a levee breach at the Industrial Canal. The National Weather Service predicted three to eight feet of water and advised people in the warning area to "move to higher ground immediately."
At 8:30 AM CDT (1330 UTC), it was reported that a "twenty-foot tidal surge" had "breached...the canal." By 9:00 AM CDT (1400 UTC), there was 6–8 feet of water in the Lower Ninth Ward. At 9:30 AM CDT (1430 UTC), levees along the eastern end of the London Avenue Canal near the Mirabeau Avenue Bridge break sending waters into the Gentilly. At 9:14 AM CDT (1414 UTC), the Transportation Security Administration also reported a levee breach on the Industrial Canal.
At 10:00 AM CDT (1500 UTC), Hurricane Katrina made its third landfall near Pearlington, Mississippi and Slidell, Louisiana, with sustained winds of 120 mph (193 km/h) after crossing Breton Sound. Waveland, Bay St. Louis, Pass Christian, Long Beach, Gulfport, and Biloxi, Mississippi were decimated. At the same time, President Bush, who was at a Medicare event in El Mirage, Arizona, said, "I want to thank the governors of the affected regions for mobilizing assets prior to the arrival of the storm to help citizens avoid this devastating storm." Levees along Lake Pontchartrain near the New Orleans Lakefront Airport were overtopped. At 10:30 AM CDT (1530 UTC), another breach occurred on the London Avenue Canal, this time on the western portion near the Robert E. Lee Boulevard Bridge (present day Allen Toussaint Avenue Bridge). Waters cascaded into the Fillmore neighborhood and surrounding areas. The 17th Street Canal on the western side of the city also suffered a break on the eastern side of the canal near the Metairie Hammond Highway on the very north side of the canal. Water poured into the West End and Lakeview neighborhoods.
By 11:00 AM CDT (1600 UTC), there was approximately 10 feet (3 m) of water in St. Bernard Parish. Many of its rooftops were submerged and could not be seen. NPR reporter John Burnett reported from his hotel that there was a levee breach in the Lower 9th Ward, but stated "...it was the best eventuality of the worst possible scenario. They dodged the bullet, but they still got a sound bruising," downplaying the events that were taking place. At 11:51 AM CDT (1651 UTC), a breech on the 17th street canal is reported by FEMA Special Assistant Michael Heath. At 2:00 PM CDT (1900 UTC), New Orleans officials confirmed a breach of the 17th Street Canal levee.
In a press conference at 3:00 PM CDT (2000 UTC), New Orleans Homeland Security Director Terry Ebbertt said that "Everybody who had a way or wanted to get out of the way of this storm was able to. For some that didn't, it was their last night on this earth." Emergency workers had answered a number of calls from people trapped in trees and attics, and in some cases, had been disconnected with those pleading for help. Police fanned out across the city to assess damage and rescue people before nightfall. Governor Blanco sent 68 school buses from surrounding parishes to begin evacuating survivors in New Orleans. 6,908 Army National Guard and 933 Air National Guard were deployed (7,841 total). The hardest-hit areas of the city were the Lower Ninth Ward, New Orleans East, Gentilly, St. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes, and Lakeview.
FEMA Director Michael Brown asked United States Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff to dispatch 1,000 Homeland Security workers to the region to assist with disaster relief from the "near catastrophic event." DHS personnel were told to "establish and maintain positive working relationships with disaster affected communities" and "collect and disseminate information and make referrals for appropriate assistance." In addition, they were supposed to identify "potential issues within the community" and report them while conveying "a positive image of disaster operations to government officials, community organizations and the general public." President Bush declared a major disaster for Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama under the authority of the Stafford Act. Katrina caused almost two thousand people to die in the Deep South.
The American Civil War was on by the 1860s. After Abraham Lincoln was elected as the new President of the United States of America, the secession crisis grew. South Carolina's legislature called a state convention to consider secession. South Carolina did a lot to promote the falsehood that any state had the right to nullify federal laws (even just federal laws) and secede from the Union. On December 20, 1860, the South Carolina convention unanimously voted to secede and adopted a secession declaration. It argued for states' rights for slave owners but complained about states' rights in the North in the form of resistance to the federal Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their obligations to assist in the return of fugitive slaves. The "cotton states" of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861. Among the ordinances of secession, those of Texas, Alabama, and Virginia mentioned the plight of the "slaveholding states" at the hands of Northern abolitionists. The rest made no mention of slavery but were brief announcements by the legislatures of the dissolution of ties to the Union. However, at least four—South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas —provided detailed reasons for their secession, all blaming the movement to abolish slavery and its influence over the North. Southern states believed that the Fugitive Slave Clause made slaveholding a constitutional right which is ludicrous and wrong. These states agreed to form a new federal government, the Confederate States of America, on February 4, 1861. They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries, with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan, whose term ended on March 4. Buchanan said the Dred Scott decision was proof the Southern states had no reason to secede and that the Union "was intended to be perpetual". He added, however, that "The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union" was not among the "enumerated powers granted to Congress." A quarter of the US army—the Texas garrison—was surrendered in February to state forces by its general, David E. Twiggs, who joined the Confederacy. The truth is that the Confederate Constitution cited slavery as the reason for the Confederate existence.
As Southerners resigned their Senate and House seats, Republicans could pass projects that had been blocked. These included the Morrill Tariff, land grant colleges, a Homestead Act, a transcontinental railroad, the National Bank Act, authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862, and the end of slavery in the District of Columbia. The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced income tax to help finance the war. It is important to note that the Republicans were more progressive politically back than the Democrats back then. On March 4, 1861, Lincoln was sworn in as president. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was a binding contract, and called secession "legally void." He did not intend to invade Southern states, nor to end slavery where it existed, but he said he would use force to maintain possession of federal property, including forts, arsenals, mints, and custom houses that had been seized. The government would not try to recover post offices, and if resisted, mail delivery would end at state lines. Where conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of federal law, US marshals and judges would be withdrawn. No mention was made of bullion lost from mints. He stated that it would be US policy "to collect the duties and imposts"; "there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere" that would justify an armed revolution. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union, famously calling on "the mystic chords of memory" binding the two regions.
The Davis government of the new Confederacy sent delegates to Washington to negotiate a peace treaty. Lincoln rejected negotiations, because he claimed that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government and to make a treaty with it would recognize it as such. I agree with President Abraham Lincoln on that point. Lincoln instead attempted to negotiate directly with the governors of seceded states, whose administrations he continued to recognize. Complicating Lincoln's attempts to defuse the crisis was Secretary of State William H. Seward, who had been Lincoln's rival for the Republican nomination. Embittered by his defeat, Seward agreed to support Lincoln's candidacy only after he was guaranteed the executive office then considered the second most powerful. In the early stages of Lincoln's presidency Seward held little regard for him, due to his perceived inexperience. Seward viewed himself as the de facto head of government, the "prime minister" behind the throne. Seward attempted to engage in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed. Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union-occupied forts in the Confederacy: Fort Monroe in Virginia, Fort Pickens, Fort Jefferson, and Fort Taylor in Florida, and Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces opened fire on the Union-held Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter is located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Its status had been contentious for months. Outgoing President Buchanan had dithered in reinforcing its garrison, commanded by Major Robert Anderson. Anderson took matters into his own hands and on December 26, 1860, under the cover of darkness, sailed the garrison from the poorly placed Fort Moultrie to the stalwart island Fort Sumter. Anderson's actions catapulted him to hero status in the North. An attempt to resupply the fort on January 9, 1861, failed and nearly started the war then, but an informal truce held. On March 5, Lincoln was informed the fort was low on supplies. Fort Sumter proved a key challenge to Lincoln's administration. Back-channel dealing by Seward with the Confederates undermined Lincoln's decision-making; Seward wanted to pull out. But a firm hand by Lincoln tamed Seward, who was a staunch Lincoln ally. Lincoln decided holding the fort, which would require reinforcing it, was the only workable option. On April 6, Lincoln informed the Governor of South Carolina that a ship with food but no ammunition would attempt to supply the fort. Historian McPherson describes this win-win approach as "the first sign of the mastery that would mark Lincoln's presidency"; the Union would win if it could resupply and hold the fort, and the South would be the aggressor if it opened fire on an unarmed ship supplying starving men. An April 9 Confederate cabinet meeting resulted in Davis ordering General P. G. T. Beauregard to take the fort before supplies reached it. At 4:30 am on April 12, Confederate forces fired the first of 4,000 shells at the fort; it fell the next day. The loss of Fort Sumter lit a patriotic fire under the North. On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to field 75,000 volunteer troops for 90 days; impassioned Union states met the quotas quickly. On May 3, 1861, Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for three years. Shortly after this, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina seceded and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond.
Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, West Virginia, and Kentucky were slave border states who people had divided loyalties to Northern and Southern businesses and family members. Some men enlisted in the Union Army and other people were in the Confederate Army. West Virginia separated from Virginia and was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, though half of its counties were secessionists. Maryland's lands surrounded Washington. D.C. and was cut off from the North. It had anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges. They did this to hinder the passage of troops to the South.
The American Civil War was fierce and very violent. At least 237 battles took place with high casualties. Historian John Keegan said that the American Civil was "one of the most ferocious wars ever fought." Pro-Union forces were in the Confederacy too. As many as 100,000 men living in the South served in the Union Army or pro-Union guerrilla groups. They came from all classes. According to Elizabeth D. Leonard, between 500 and 1,000 women enlisted as soldiers on both sides, some disguised as men. Women served as spies, resistance activists, nurses, and hospital personnel. By early 1861, Union General Winfield Scott made the Anaconda Pln to win the war by using a blockade to stop trade into the Confederacy. Abraham Lincoln promoted parts of this plan by in April 1861 ordering a blockade of all Southern ports, commerical ships could not get insurance, ending regular traffic. The blockade shut down the cotton industry in the South. Some British people aided in trading to the Confederacy.
Like World War 2, the American Civil War has diverse theaters which were the Eastern Theater, the Western Theater, the Trans-Mississippi Theater, Lower Seaboard theater, and the Pacific Coast Theater. The Union had an advantage in population and industrial resources. The Union had 22 million people and the Confederacy had 9 million people with 3.5 million unjustly enslaved African Americans. The Union also had the West with massive resources to aid in building weapons and other tools for warfare. The Union had a larger railroad system along with a well organized Navy system. The Confederacy had many previous U.S. military leaders like General Robert E. Lee from Virginia. Lee once opposed secession and then joined the Confederacy for state's rights reasons. The Confederacy wanted to fight long enough to negotiate a deal to maintain slavery in their lands. They didn't need to rule over the Union but attack the Union to make it give up. Abraham Lincoln evolved from 1861 to even not banning slaves if it meant to maintain the Union to desiring to ban all slavery in America completely by 1865. The American Civil War started slowly and then grew rapidly.
The early era of the American Civil War from 1861 to 1862 had a complete stalemate with both Union and Confederate victories. America still had to contend with the Confederate enemy. By July 1861, German Scott sent General Irvin McDowell and more than 30,000 Union troops to do battle with the Confederate forces waiting outside of Washington, D.C. The Union and Confederate armies met at Bull Run, a creek newar Manassas, Virginia. I'm from Virginia, so Manassas is at Northern Virginia. During the first hours, the Union forces had the upper advantage. There was a determined Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson who sent them back to Washington. Confederates nicknamed him Stonewall Jackson to refuse to give up. The Battle is known as the Battle of Bull Run in the North and the Battle of Manassas in the South. After the battle, it was self evident that the war would be long and bloody. It was a Confederate victory Abraham Lincoln responded by calling for more Union troops and replacing McDowell with General George B. McClellan. So, McClellan was organizing his Union Army of the Potomac. Then, General Ulysses S. Grant was in the Mississippi Valley wing of the Anaconda Plan. By February 1862, Grant directed the attack and capture of two Confederate strongholds of Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Dunlson at the Cumberland River. His bold action drove the Confederate forces from Western Kentucky and much of Tennessee that boasted Union morale. Yet, in April 1862, Grant fought a terrible battle in southwest Tennessee. In just 2 days of fighting, almost 25,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded. The Battle of Shiloh horrified both the North and South and temporarily damaged Grant's rising reputation. The Union won the Battle of Shiloh. Some good news is that the Battle of Shiloh was a foundation for the future victory of Union forces of getting New Orleans. Days later, Union ships under the command of David Farragut saile through the Gulf of Mexico and seized the tial southern port of New Orleans. Farragut sailed north hoped to capture the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, but Vicksburg being ruled by the Union would have to wait. Union control of the Mississippi would take time.
The American Civil War was found in the Southwest as far as New Mexico and Arizona. The American Southwest had gold mines and access to California and the Pacific Ocean. Neither sides had many troops in the region.
In Living Color was groundbreaking show which is having its 35th Year Anniversary now. It ran from FOX from April 15, 1990 to May 19, 1994. It ended when I was in the 5th grade of elementary school. I remember watching the show a lot of times on the weekends. It was created by Keenen Ivory Wayans. It's ironic that this time is after the Wayans family won the NAACP Award. Keenan Ivory Wayans wrote and starred in the series too. To the Wayans family, In Living Color was a labor of love. The sketch comedy television series was controversial, funny, ahead of its time, and causes tons of future comedians to be actors and actresses on a higher level. The show was produced by Ivory Way Productions in association with 20th Television and taped at stage 7 at the Metromedia Square on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. The producers of the show were Keenan Ivory Wayans, Greg Fields, Les Firestein, Joe Davola, Pam Veasey, Tamara Rawitt, Kevin Berg, and Robert Jason. In Living Color has a mostly African American cast in contrast to SNL which had a mostly white cast back them. In Living Color wanted to show humor that not only focused on funny sketches. The skits on In Living Color tackled music, culture, gender, and other aspects of social living. Damon, Kim, Shawn, and Marlon Wayans were active on the show including brother Dwayne. Many comedians were given an opportunity to grow their careers in their early stages like Jamie Foxx, Jim Carrey, Tommy Davidson, David Allen Grier, Kelly Coffield Park, and T'Keyah Crystal Keymah. The show had many dances called The Fly Girls with Jennifer Lopez and Carrie Ann Inaba. Rosie Perez was the choreographer of The Fly Girls. The series won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series in 1990. It was bold for airing a live, special episode as a counterprogram for the halftime show of the Super Bowl XXVI. This caused the NFL to use major musicians in Halftime performances like Michael Jackson in the following year. Other members of the show were Alexandra Wentworth, Anne-Marie Johnson, Lay Leggett, Marc Wilmore, Kim Coles, and other people. Laurieann Gibson was a Fly Girl too. Laurieann Gibson is one of the greatest dancers and choreographers of our generation being involved in hip hop and R&B plus pop music.
We all know that blood pressure is an important part of our health. It is a very important indicator of how well we are or not. We know that the older you get, the more careful you have to be in dealing with your blood pressure. At its core, what is blood pressure? Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of your arteries. It's measured in two numbers called systolic and diastolic. Systolic represent the pressure when your heart beats, and diastolic is the pressure when the heart is resting. A healthy systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm Hg, and a healthy diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mm Hg. mm Hg stands for millimeters of mercury. It's a unit to measure pressure like blood pressure. It is a unit of pressure that measures how high a column of mercury would rise. Now, high blood pressure is called hypertension. Measurements of high blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg or higher. High blood pressure can increase the risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. As people age, those risks can increase. High blood pressure can be caused by weight issues, not getting enough exercise, eating foods high in sodium, smoking (or using tobacco products), and drinking excessive alcohol. High blood pressure can damage blood vessels, making them more likely to burst or become blocked. When a blood clot blocks an artery that supplies blood to the brain, it can cause an ischemic stroke. People recommend folks call 9/11 if a blood pressure reading is 180/120 or higher. There are many ways to lower blood pressure by maintaining a moderate body weight, eating a balanced diet (filled with beet juice, carrots, probiotics, etc.), cut down on sodium intake, engage in regular physical activity, managing stress, and quit smoking. Quitting smoking is a method to improve human health immediately. Doctors, nurses, and other health experts use monitor to measure blood pressure. There are machines and other devices that people can use at home to measure blood pressure too.
The Roman Catholic Church existed by gradual development. By 595 A.D., John IV Faster started using the title of universal bishop that even Gregory I denied that for himself as Gregory I was the Bishop of Rome. Gregory I said tyht the title of "universal bishop" was a sign that the antichrist is near and called it a proud and profane title. He compared John IV to the devil. In 2 Thess. 2:3-4, there is a prophecy about the antichrist falsely claiming to be God being the man of lawlessness and the son of destruction. By 595, John IV Faster (the Patriarch of Constantinople) died on September 2, 595. The Roman Emperor Maurice was murdered in a coup by Phocas, who then became Emperor by 602 A.D. There was a great power structure and rivalry between Old Rome (found in Italy) and New Rome (found in Constantinople). Gregory I promoted cardinal bishops. By 604 A.D., Gregory I, the bishop of Rome died and is replaced by Sabinian who reign for 2 years. In 606 A.D., Sabinian died and Boniface III was the bishop of Rome. Boniface III changed everything. Phocas writes to the new bishop Boniface that Boniface III is the new Head of all the churches which is a lie and heresy. He called him Universal Bishop. Boniface III accepts these titles and Catholicism in the modern sense was born. The Eastern Orthodox Churches didn't accept Rome's claims and split from Rome permanently by 1054 A.D. in the Great Schism. Boniface III died on February 19, 607 A.D.
During the Church History era of Pergamos, the church spread globally from Ireland to China. There were many martyrs during that period that defended the faith. Many believers had a great foundation to adhere to core doctrines of Christianity like the Deity of Christ, the resurrection, the Virgin Birth, and the Holy Trinity. Heretics and other blasphemers were abundant, but many councils stood up to maintain the truth that the bedrock of Christian tenets must be respected. The Council of Nicea was right to maintain the Deity of Christ and the resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ against the heresy of Arianism. Yet, Constantine made the error to merge church and state. Church and state shouldn't be mixed as God gives human beings free will to accept or not accept the Gospel voluntarily. The Gospel is not meant to be used against a person's volition. It ought to be voluntarily expressed to all Creation. Also, the church and state merging caused more heresies to rise and a centralization of some church so much that many bishops claim to be the the universal bishop which is unscriptural and ahistorical. The church originally was meant to be independent houses of worship filled with preachers, worshipers, and other clergy. As time went on false doctrines like Mary being the Mother of God, Rosary, prayers sent to Mary, purgatory, the veneration of saints and angels, and other false teachings rose up. Then, the Roman Empire declined and was gone on Western Europe forever by 476 A.D. Germanic tribes conquered many areas of Europe blatantly starting the Middle Ages. Boniface III claimed to be the Universal Bishop starting the modern Day Roman Catholic Church as we know it by 606 A.D. This era saw more people realizing that truth that if a person deny the power of the Scriptures, deny that Jesus Christ is God incarnate who saved the sins of the whole world by what he did on the Cross, deny the virgin birth of Jesus Christ, and deny the physical resurrection of Jesus Christ, that person is not a Christian (just a believer in God as a theist). After this era was the era of Thyatria from 606 A.D. to 1648 A.D. (from the time of Boniface III calling himself the Universal Bishop to the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia that recognized Protestantism in Europe). This era saw the peak of control of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe and the start of its decline with the historic Reformation and other events that impacted Christianity forever and ever.
By Timothy
