By the year of 1741, George Frederick Handel performed his classical gospel oratorio "Messiah" for the first time. Isaac Newton promoted his heresies by 1754. Sir Isaac Newton was involved in mysticism, he didn't believe in the Trinity, and he believed that a code in the Bible shown secrets and mysteries. The historic suppression of the Jesuits existed from 1767 to 1815. This was done by the Pope in 1773, because many European Catholic monarchs in Portugal, France, and Spain accused the Jesuits as being a threat to state sovereignty (as the Jesuits by that time had large wealth, influence, independence, and direct loyalty to the Pope). The Jesuits were accused of financial scandals, opposing colonial treating, and inciting popular uprising like the Motin de Esquilache in Spain. The Greek Orthodox colony of 1768 in New Smyrna, Florida was founded. We saw the growth of mysticism and deism from Reimarus. There was the first Catholic mission in California by 1769 by the Mission San Diego de Alcala. We have a growing criticism of Christianity by authors like Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire from 1776 to 1788. There was the Catholic Mission Dolores formed in San Francisco. There was the 1779 Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom mentioning the following words: Jesus never coerced anyone to follow him, and the imposition of a religion by government officials is impious." We see the First Amendment of the United States Constitution of 1791 mentioning that: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." The First Great Awakening lasted from the 1730s to 1770s. It was massive wave of Evangelical Protestant revivalism in the American colonies. Many people preached and promoted personal emotional conversion over formal, intellectual dogma. It was led by preachers like George Whitefield, Theodore Frelinghuysen and The Tennent Family, and Jonathan Edwards. It challenged religious authority and split established denominations like Old Lights vs. New Lights. It grown Baptists and Methodists in America and worldwide. The First Great Awakening dealt with people being born again rather than relying on clergy for salvation, it promoted equality before God regardless of race, gender, or status. It promoted heartfelt piety. It was caused by religious fervor and a response of the Enlightenment being too cold in the eyes of many people. It helped to democratize church structure and helped to promote the independent spirit of the American Revolution. It included women and black people in religious life. It caused the creation of new universities like Princeton, Rutgers, and Dartmouth.
The Second Great Awakening was another religious revival that spread from 1790 to the early 19th century. It dealt with personal salvation among the Protestant moved. It dealt with massive outdoor revivals which is commonplace in our time. Preachers like Charles G. Finney, who were involved in the Second Great Awakening stepped away from strict predestination to promote free will and the ability of every person to choose salvation. Western New York state had many revivals. Methodists and Baptists grew. The 2nd Great Awakening inspired new groups to exists like the Adventists, Mormons, and Christian Restorationist movements. Many people in the Second Great Awakening followed abolition or ending slavery, temperance (to reduce or not drink alcohol), and promote education and women's rights. Many women were leaders of the awakening. Also, Many African Americans were part of the Second Great Awakening like the African American Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church which played a large role in the anti-slavery movement. This movement came after the murder of former Mason William Morgan. Scholars believe that Masons murdered William Morgan for revealing Masonic secrets. Many members of the 2nd Great Awakening disagreed with Freemasonry and formed the Anti-Masonic Party which was popular in American society for years. The Second Awakening helped to promote social change.
Brigham Young was the famous religious and political leader of Mormonism. He was the 2nd President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (the LDS church) from 1847 until his passing in 1877. He also was the first governor of Utah Territory from 1851 until his resignation in 1858. He was born on June 1, 1801, in Whitingham, Vermont. He was the 9th child of John Young and Abigail "Nabby" Howe. His father was a farmer, and the family moved into upstate New York at Chenango County. Young had little formal education. His mother taught him how to read and write. When Brigham Young was 12-year-old, his parents moved to the township of Genoa, close to Cayuga Lake. His mother died of Tuberculosis in June 1815. After her death, he moved with his father to Tyrone, New York. His father remarried a widow named Hannah Brown. Brigham Young learned a trade to be a carpenter, glazier, and a painter. He worked all over the place. Later, he experienced the Panic of 1819 and lived to Port Byron, which was Bucksville back then. Brigham Young married Miriam Angline Works, whom he had met in Port Byron in October 1824. They lived in a small house. They had a daughter, Elizabeth, who was born on September 26, 1825. He was a Reformed Methodist member at first. He studied the Bible and was baptized by immersion instead of sprinkling (as the NT never mentions sprinkling for baptism). His family lived in Oswego, New York in 1828. Later, he heard teachings from LDS leader Heber C. Kimball. Young worked as a carpenter and joined. He built and operated a saw mill. Later, he learned about the Book of Mormon by 1830. Young listened to Mormon missionaries and joined the Church of Christ or Mormons on April 9, 1832, after meeting Joseph Smith. Brigham Young preached the Book of Mormon all over the North and New England regions of America. Brigham Young was ordained a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles at a conference on February 14, 1835.
Language has a great deal to do with American culture. There are more than 300 languages spoken nationwide on a regular basis, and up to 800 languages spoken in New York City (besides English). English is spoken by most Americans, but other languages are spoken including languages spoken by indigenous peoples (with 150 living languages) Many xenophobes and bigots forget that the first people who came to America never spoke a syllable of English originally. There is no official language in American society. According to the 2000 census, there were nearly 30 million native speakers of Spanish in the United States. Spanish has official status in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, where it is the primary language spoken, and the state of New Mexico; numerous Spanish enclaves exist around the country as well. By 2017, 78.2 percent of Americans spoke English only, 13.4 Americans speak Spanish, 1.1 percent of Americans speak Chinese, and 7.3 percent of Americans speak other languages. There are regional differences in American culture. There are the Appalachia region stretches in the mountains from Georgia to West Virginia and parts of Pennsylvania. We know of the major regions of the South, the Deep South, the Southwest, the Midwest, the Mid-Atlantic, the Northeast, New England, the Mountain West, the Pacific West, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, other Caribbean places, and other regions with diverse cultures and traditions.
Sports represent a massive part of American culture. When the Super Bowl, MLB World Series, and the NBA Finals comes on televisions, millions of Americans and people worldwide watch these sporting events (they witness them in arenas too). By the 1800s, colleges were encouraged to focus on intramural sports, particularly track and field, and, in the late 1800s, American football. Physical education was incorporated into primary school curriculums in the 20th century. A typical baseball diamond as seen from the stadium in baseball stadiums constantly. Baseball is the oldest of the major American team sports. Professional baseball dates from 1869 and had no close rivals in popularity until the 1960s. Though baseball is no longer the most popular sport, it is still referred to as "the national pastime. "Ice hockey is the fourth-leading professional team sport. Always a mainstay of Great Lakes and New England-area culture, the sport gained tenuous footholds in regions like the American South since the early 1990s, as the National Hockey League pursued a policy of expansion. Soccer is very popular as a participation sport, particularly among youth, and the US national teams are competitive internationally. A twenty-six-team (with four more confirmed to be added within the next few years) professional league, Major League Soccer, plays from March to October, but its television audience and overall popularity lag behind other American professional sports. We, who are Americans, have been inspired by Hank Aaron hitting homeruns decades ago, Sam Darnold throwing passing in the NFL for the Seattle Seahawks, Chloe Kim being involved in the Winter Olympics, Trinity Rodman playing soccer for the Washington Spirit of the NWSL, Jalen Hurts being a great NFL quarterback, Naphessa Collier playing excellent basketball, LeBron James showing great longevity in the NBA, the late Muhammad Ali being a champion of social causes, and Melissa Jefferson-Wooden being a track and field legend show us the power of American sports excellence. Relative to other parts of the world, the United States is unusually competitive in women's sports, a fact usually attributed to the Title IX anti-discrimination law, which requires most American colleges to give equal funding to men's and women's sports.
In dealing with space, you have to know what the exosphere is. The exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. It goes from 375 to 500 km up to 10,000 km, acting as a transition zone to space. The exosphere is mostly made up of sparse hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. It is made up of by "collison-less" particles following ballistic trajectories. The exosphere protects the Earth by absorbing solar radiation being a home for satellite orbits (and its studied using satellite data and ultraviolet cameras). The exosphere is above the thermosphere which goes 6,200 miles into space. Atoms in the exosphere are far apart and rarely collide, allowing them to follow ballistic paths or escape into space. Exo meaning that it is the outermost shell of the atmosphere. Because the exosphere's air is so thin, conventional thermometers won't work. Yet, the particle kinetic temperatures are very high (being thousands of degrees) due to absorption of intense solar radiation. Yet, it feels extremely cold because of a lack of molecular collision. The exosphere is the final barrier between the Earth's atmosphere and the vacuum of space. Science study the region to see how the atmosphere interacts with solar winds. Scientists also study the geocorona (or a glowing part of the exosphere) by observing the scattered UV light with space telescopes and instruments mentioned by the UCAR Center for Science Education. Therefore, we live in the troposphere, then there is the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, the exosphere, and space.
By Timothy
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