'Disturbing': Conservative editorial board 'shocked' by Trump's 'unimaginable' behavior
Friday, February 28, 2025
Many People Opposing the Trump/Musk Agenda.
Robert Kennedy's callous indifference to the measles death in the Texas outbreak shows his anti-science extremism. A child died from the measles who was unvaccinated at a hospital in Lubbock, Texas. This is the first death from measles in America in 10 years. Measles is a highly contagious respiratory illness. It has infected 124 people in Texas. 101 of these human beings are under 18 years old. 18 of them have experienced hospitalization. Robert Kennedy is the new Secretary of Health and Human Services, who said that the death is not unusual, and we have measles outbreaks every year. He is a liar. He didn't express any regret or sadness for the preventable loss of a child. He said that the purpose of hospitalizing patients was to quarantine them. This is false. None of the victims admitted to the hospital for the purpose of quarantine. They were in the hospital due to respiratory distress. Infectious disease threats are growing nationwide with the grow of seasonal influenza. The fascist DOGE fired many governmental employees trying to control the spread of bird flu. DOGE eliminated about 5,2000 positions at HHS agencies or 10 percent of the workforce at both the CDC and the National Institutes of Health. Bhattacharya wants the unscientific herd immunity policy.
One of the most disgraceful policies of the Trump regime is how they want to use massive cuts to the NIH. The NIH or the National Institute of Health has saved lives for years and decades from US. veterans to civilians. The NIH has lost at least 1,200 jobs so far. These staff cuts will harm this country from farm subsidies to other matters. This could harm scientific research. The outcry against this regime has been so great that the Trump administration has partially lifted a hold that had frozen the ability of the National Institutes of Health to review new grant applications research into diseases ranging from heart disease and COVID to Alzheimer's and allergies. The nominated Director of the NIH or Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, the Standford University researcher, has criticized the agency. So, the massive austerity agenda has nothing to do with eliminating fraud, waste, and abuse. It has to do with the Trump agenda to harbor hatred of government and legitimate regulations in general.
The MAGA cult is so terrible that a YourGov Poll of Trump voters has 12 percent of them desiring Trump to be the King of the United States. We have a history of rejecting the concept of the monarchy. No man and no human period should have unlimited power. No human is above the law. Illinois Governor Pritzker said that authoritarianism is a threat against America. Next year in 2026 will be the 250th anniversary of America, and America as a democracy could be gone ironically in its 250th anniversary. The good news is that we can fight against Trumpism and fascism by using constructive means. Trump not only wants to break down the federal government which is evil by itself. He also wants massive cuts to legitimate social services that will harm millions of Americans. Now, Trump and the Republicans in 2025 have either caused or done nothing comprehensive to deal with widespread more inflation, thousands of layoffs of jobs, corporate price gouging, a plummeting stock market, and Musk trying to gain tax and other sensitive information from Americans.
The resistance against the Trump fascist regime is growing. There are many boycotts against extremists now. Protests have increased in America. Many federal courts have pushed back against Trump's reprehensible policies. The Trump/Musk/Vance agenda is very unpopular among the American populace. That is why DOGE is losing credibility. That is why GOP leadership is now advising lawmakers to avoid holding in person town halls as many people in those town halls are rightfully opposed to radical austerity. Trump wants a new visa plan for wealthy foreign people for about 5 million dollars. That plan is silly and hypocritical, because Trump wants certain immigrants to come here yet wants American citizens' rights to be gone if their parents were undocumented immigrants. Also, Trump wants to pause admission to refugees displaced by violence and persecution. Elon Musk is a liar to call himself a self-made billionaire when he had received at least $38 billion in government funding.
Yesterday was the Birthday of the late Sister Marian Anderson. She was one of the greatest contralto singers of all time. She performed worldwide from opera to spirituals. Also, she performed with renowned orchestras in major concert and recital venues throughout the United States and Europe between 1925 and 1965. Also, she was a civil rights activist who stood up against racial injustice publicly. She was born up North in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were John Berkley Anderson and Annie Delilah Rucker. Her father sold ice and coal at the Reading Terminal in downtown Philadelphia. Anderson's mother was a briefly a student at the Virginia Seminary and College in Lynchburg and worked as a schoolteacher in Virginia. She cared for small children. Marian was the eldest of the three Anderson children. She had 2 sisters who were singers. Marian Anderson was raised in the Union Baptist Church being devout Christians. Marian was inspired by her aunt to be involved in her own music career. She attended Stanton Grammar School and graduated in 1912. Anderson made two recordings called Deep River and My Way's Cloudy for the Victor company in 1923. She performed in concert with the New York Philharmonic in 1925. She sang in Chicago in the Orchestra Hall in 1929. Later, she studied in Berlin with money from the Rosenwald Fellowship in 1500 dollars. Marian Anderson toured Scandinavia in 1930, London at Wigmore Hall in 1933, and in other places like Salzburg. She was praised by Arturo Roscanini as a voice heard once in a hundred years in 1935. She toured in America too. Albert Einstein hosted her on many times as Albert Einstein believed in racial equality. She sang in the Lincoln Memorial in 1939 against racists from the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) who tried to stop her from singing there. The NAACP, Eleanor Roosevelt, and other people supported Anderson's right to singing at Lincoln Memorial. She sang the rendition of My County, 'Tis of Three in front of 75,000 people and a national radio audience of millions. She sang more songs and did opera too. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and sang at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. She earned a Grammy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1991. She had 24 honorary doctoral degrees in Howard University, Temple University, Smith College, Saint Mary's College, etc. She had the Kennedy Center Honors in 1978 too. She loved her husband, Orpheus Fisher She passed away on April 8, 1993 of congestive heart failure at the age of 96 years old. Marian Anderson was an icon who spoke her mind, sang music beautifully, and inspired souls to do better in their daily walks.
Rest in Power Sister Marian Anderson.
By Timothy
Wednesday, February 26, 2025
A New Era of Media.
Joy Reid being fired from MSNBC is a sad day in America. I don't respect the criticisms about Reid from the MAGA cultists and the Hoteps. MAGA followers and Hoteps are very similar ideologically as both movements believe in misogyny, xenophobia, idol worship of America, bigotry, and a sense of dehumanizing political opponents (especially progressives) and social minorities. Now, Joy Reid was emotional to call upon the people to resist the policies of the madman and fascist Donald Trump. Trump is a fascist as he wants Liz Cheney to be arrested, desires to abolish the 14th Amendment, glorifies dehumanization of immigrants, believes in the 2020 election fraud lie, and wants the executive branch to extend its power illegally. Joy Reid gave passionate news reports that addressed voting rights, racism, the cult of Trumpism, gender, immigration, the federal government, COVID-19, and other important topics. While Elon Musk and Trump glory in the suffering of thousands of federal workers being fired, Joy Reid defended the dignity of federal workers. Megyn Kelly gloating over Joy Reid shows Kelly to be a racist liar. Kelly is the person who questioned if blackface is racist. Blackface was used to disrespect and hurt black people for centuries. Kelly lied and said that Joy Reid has some hatred of all white women when Reid used the "white women tears" to refer to extremist MAGA white women who support a fascist and racist Donald Trump. Also, Reid shown empathy to people for years, so Megyn Kelly revealed herself once again as a far right extremist.
While Trump wants to whitewash black history and ban the federal acknowledgment of black history on websites, Joy Reid honored her Blackness by word and deed. While Trump and his allies use all sorts of slander against the concept of DEI and progressives, Joy Reid defended living wages, promoted the opposition to corporate corruption, and disagreed with the agenda of the far right that is about advancing callousness instead of justice and democracy. Also, let's bring out the elephant in the room. Black women's progressive voices have been suppressed regularly by MSNBC in recent years. It happened to Tiffany Cross and Melissa Harris-Perry. Even Rachel Maddow said that the MSNBC firing Joy Reid was a mistake. So, MSNBC seems to want black people in their place to not be so strident in criticizing Donald Trump as some authoritarian fascist person. Tiffany Cross wants to boycott MSNBC, and I don't blame her. We have to follow our conscience either way. Therefore, I wish the best for Sister Joy Reid.
There is much more opposition to the Trump and Musk policies of firing federal workers and some military leaders. Many people rallied to protest Musk on February 19, 2025, in Washington, D.C. This comes as egg prices quadruple as Trump faces backlash. There are many DOGE protests in other places too. The Department of Governmental Efficiency is headed by Elon Musk. Musk wants every federal worker to explain what they got done last week, or face being fired. The Trump administration is a fascist regime that wants to cut thousands of federal jobs and many federal programs that millions of Americans rely on (including veterans). There has been confusion on whether the DOGE emails are literal or not. We see a regime seeking to ruin the Constitution, convert America into an armed camp, and use artificial intelligence to deal with federal workers too. DOGE is targeting the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) cutting 4 percent of its staff. This will harm the U.S. economy, grow the price of food, and could provoke recessions in D.C. and other places with a large percentage of federal workers. Now, Wall Street interests support this as promoting profits.
Black genius must always be honored. Some sad news is that Roberta Flack passed away on February 24, 2025. She was an icon of music. She sang music elegantly and taught young people music as a proficient, excellent educator. Roberta Flack was an expert pianist who sang music constantly in concerts and other locations with the piano. Her ballads spanned R&B, jazz, folk, pop, and she contributed to the creation of the quiet storm. Those of us older than 40 years old (including people younger than 40 too) know of the quiet storm from Anita Baker, Luther Vandross (Luther was a background singer to Roberta Flack, and she encouraged him to establish his own solo career), Phyllis Hyman, Babyface, Smokey Robinson and to Sade. Roberta Flack was born in the South at Black Mountain, North Carolina. She lived in my state of Virginia at Arlington, and he transitioned up North at New York City. I always appreciate her talent. She duet with another icon, Donny Hathaway, in the songs of Where is the Love and The Closer I Get to You.
She defined 1970s music with her anthems like The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face, Killing Me Softly with His Song, and Feel Like Makin' Love. She was the first artist to win the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in consecutive years in 1973 and 1974. She was a woman with massive social activism too. Her song Tryin' Times oppose racial injustice. Compared to What tackled social and economic inequality. When the Fugees (with Lauryn Hill) gave a version of Flack's Killing Me Softly song in 1996 (when I was middle school), I knew that the younger generation (Lizzo, Ariana Grande, Khalid, and other people told her in 2020 about how she inspired them. Lady Gaga acknowledged her too) always shown respect to Roberta Flack's legacy. She worked with Peabo Bryson and Maya Angelou on music too. She passed away from cardiac arrest. ALS was the brutal disease that Roberta Flack was suffering from. Roberta Flack gave voice to many of us in our community and the human race in general. We wish her blessings in her journey to the Afterlife where she will receive crown upon crowns from the Most High God.
Rest in Power Sister Roberta Flack.
By Timothy
Tuesday, February 25, 2025
Monday, February 24, 2025
Updates on Late February 2025.
The Katrina disaster happened in stages. By Tuesday, August 23, 2005, Katrina started as a tropical depression 12. It formed over in the Bahamas by 5pm. It existed partially from the Depression 10. The low level circulation to Ten was completely detached and dissipated with only the remnant mid level circulation moving on and merging with a second tropical wave. By Wednesday on August 24, 2005, 12 strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina. By Thursday on August 25, 2005, Katrina has strengthened into a Hurricane. Less than two hours later, Katrina made landfall n Keating Beach, just two miles south of the Fort Lauderdale International Airport. Sustained winds were 80 mph (130 km/h) and the pressure was 989 mbar. During its passage, the eye of the tropical storm moved directly over the office of the National Hurricane Center, which reported a wind gust of 87 mph (140 km/h). The strongest sustained winds in Florida was a report of 72 mph (116 km/h) on the roof of the Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science in Virginia Key. The same station recorded a gust of 94 mph (151 km/h). Unofficially, wind gusts reached 97 mph (156 km/h) at Homestead General Aviation Airport. Katrina lasted six hours on land over the water-laden Everglades as a tropical storm before reaching the Gulf of Mexico just north of Cape Sable. So, Katrina landed in Florida and moved into the Gulf of Mexico. By Friday, August 26, 2005, Katrina had decreased to 70 mph. It was a tropical storm at the time. It traveled into the Gulf.
At 5:00 AM EDT, the National Hurricane Center officially shifts the possible track of Katrina from the Florida Panhandle to the Mississippi/Alabama coast. Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine Governor Kathleen Babineaux Blanco declared a state of emergency for the state of Louisiana. The declaration included activation of the state of Louisiana's emergency response and recovery program under the command of the director of the state office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness to supply emergency support services. Following the declaration of a state of emergency, federal troops were deployed to Louisiana to coordinate the planning of operations with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 922 Army National Guard and 8 Air National Guard are deployed. By 4:00 PM EDT, Katrina was upgraded to a Category 2 storm when it was at Buras-Triumph, Louisiana, 66 miles (106 km) southeast of New Orleans. Katrina became a Category 3 storm by August 27, 2005.
At 10:00 AM EDT, officials in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana, St. Tammany Parish, and Plaquemines Parish ordered a mandatory evacuation of all of their residents. Jefferson Parish and St. Bernard Parish ordered voluntary evacuations, recommending that all residents evacuate, particularly those living in lower areas. Jefferson Parish officials did declare a mandatory evacuation for the coastal areas of Grand Isle, Crown Point, Lafitte, and Barataria. Tolls were suspended on the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway as well as the Crescent City Connection, to speed up the evacuation process.
At 11:00 AM EDT, The National Hurricane Center issued a Hurricane Watch from Morgan City, Louisiana to the LA/MS border including New Orleans. At 5:00 PM EDT, New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin announced a state of emergency and a called for a voluntary evacuation. He added that he would stick with the state's evacuation plan and not order a mandatory evacuation until 30 hours before the expected landfall. This would allow those residents in low-lying surrounding parishes to leave first and avoid gridlocked escape routes. However, he did recommend that residents of low-lying areas of the city, such as Algiers and the 9th Ward, get a head start. Nagin said the city would open the Superdome as a shelter of last resort for evacuees with special needs. He advised anyone planning to stay there to bring their own food, drinks and other comforts such as folding chairs. "No weapons, no large items, and bring small quantities of food for three or four days, to be safe," he said. The Louisiana National Guard had delivered three truckloads of water and seven truckloads of MRE's to the Superdome, enough to supply 15,000 people for three days. The Hurricane Watch was expanded to Intracoastal City, Louisiana to the east and AL/FL border to the west. At 11:00 PM EDT, the Hurricane Watch was upgraded to a Hurricane Warning from Morgan City, Louisiana to the AL/FL border. In the forecast discussion, the National Hurricane Center stated that Katrina "is expected to be an intense and dangerous hurricane."
Governor Blanco sent a letter to President George W. Bush asking him to declare a major disaster for the State of Louisiana, in order to release federal financial assistance. In response to Governor Blanco's request, President Bush declared a federal state of emergency in Louisiana under the authority of the Stafford Act, which provided a, "means of assistance by the Federal Government to State and local governments in carrying out their responsibilities to alleviate the suffering and damage which result from such disasters..." The emergency declaration provided for federal assistance and funding, as well as assigned, by law, the responsibility for coordinating relief efforts with those government bodies and relief agencies which agree to operate under his advice or direction, to the FEMA federal coordinating officer (FCO). It also provided for military assets and personnel to be deployed in relief and support operations, although the Posse Comitatus Act imposes strict limitations on the use of Active Duty soldiers in law enforcement. 1701 Army National Guard and 932 Air National Guard are deployed (2633 total). That night, National Hurricane Center director Max Mayfield briefed President Bush, Governor Blanco, Governor Haley Barbour of Mississippi, and Mayor Nagin on the status of Hurricane Katrina.
By Sunday, August 28, 2005, the Hurricane Katrina increased to Category 5. New Orleans Mayor Nagin wanted a mandatory evacuation of people in New Orleans. Katrina is about to land soon. Authorities used the Louisiana Superdome as a place of last resort for residents unable to obtain safe transport out of the city of New Orleans. 20,000 people entered the Superdome. The Louisiana National Guard delivered three truckloads of water and seven truckloads of MRE's to the Superdome, enough to supply 15,000 people for three days. 4444 Army National Guard and 932 Air National Guard are deployed (5,736 people total). President Bush declared a state of emergency in Alabama and Mississippi, and a major disaster in Florida, under the authority of the Stafford Act. By Monday on August 29, 2005, the levees on Industrial Canal near the I-10 bridge failed. Storm surge entered the canal. The Superdome's power went out. Hurricane Katrina made its second landfall near Buras, Louisiana. It was 125 mph.
Katrina continued north into St. Bernard Parish, crossed Lake Borgne, and made its final landfall near the mouth of the Pearl River on the Louisiana-Mississippi border as a Category 3 storm with winds of 120 mph. Waters began to rush through the Mississippi Gulf Outlet and Lake Borgne converging at the "Funnel" with the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, north of the Lower Ninth Ward. Levees along the eastern portion of the Mississippi Gulf Outlet began to be overtopped and/or destroyed causing waters to start rushing to the Lower Ninth Ward. By 6:30 AM CDT (1130 UTC), power was lost in much of New Orleans. At 6:30 AM CDT (1130 UTC), Levees at the Funnel were overtopped. Waters in the Lower Ninth Ward began to rise faster while waters rushed into the Industrial Canal. At 6:50 AM CDT (1150 UTC), levees all along the Industrial Canal were overtopped. Water surged into the Lower Ninth Ward as levees on three sides of the neighborhood had failed.
At 7:45 AM CDT (1245 UTC), the levees on the eastern side of the southern end of the Industrial Canal explosively break sending 20ft. of water into the Lower Ninth Ward. Houses in the vicinity of the break were destroyed or pushed off of their foundations. By 8:00 AM CDT (1300 UTC), water was seen rising on both sides of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans. Mayor Nagin says that a pumping system in the Lower Ninth Ward had failed.
At approximately 8:14 AM CDT (1314 UTC), the National Weather Service's New Orleans office issued a Flash Flood Warning for Orleans and St. Bernard parishes, citing a levee breach at the Industrial Canal. The National Weather Service predicted three to eight feet of water and advised people in the warning area to "move to higher ground immediately."
At 8:30 AM CDT (1330 UTC), it was reported that a "twenty-foot tidal surge" had "breached...the canal." By 9:00 AM CDT (1400 UTC), there was 6–8 feet of water in the Lower Ninth Ward. At 9:30 AM CDT (1430 UTC), levees along the eastern end of the London Avenue Canal near the Mirabeau Avenue Bridge break sending waters into the Gentilly. At 9:14 AM CDT (1414 UTC), the Transportation Security Administration also reported a levee breach on the Industrial Canal.
At 10:00 AM CDT (1500 UTC), Hurricane Katrina made its third landfall near Pearlington, Mississippi and Slidell, Louisiana, with sustained winds of 120 mph (193 km/h) after crossing Breton Sound. Waveland, Bay St. Louis, Pass Christian, Long Beach, Gulfport, and Biloxi, Mississippi were decimated. At the same time, President Bush, who was at a Medicare event in El Mirage, Arizona, said, "I want to thank the governors of the affected regions for mobilizing assets prior to the arrival of the storm to help citizens avoid this devastating storm." Levees along Lake Pontchartrain near the New Orleans Lakefront Airport were overtopped. At 10:30 AM CDT (1530 UTC), another breach occurred on the London Avenue Canal, this time on the western portion near the Robert E. Lee Boulevard Bridge (present day Allen Toussaint Avenue Bridge). Waters cascaded into the Fillmore neighborhood and surrounding areas. The 17th Street Canal on the western side of the city also suffered a break on the eastern side of the canal near the Metairie Hammond Highway on the very north side of the canal. Water poured into the West End and Lakeview neighborhoods.
By 11:00 AM CDT (1600 UTC), there was approximately 10 feet (3 m) of water in St. Bernard Parish. Many of its rooftops were submerged and could not be seen. NPR reporter John Burnett reported from his hotel that there was a levee breach in the Lower 9th Ward, but stated "...it was the best eventuality of the worst possible scenario. They dodged the bullet, but they still got a sound bruising," downplaying the events that were taking place. At 11:51 AM CDT (1651 UTC), a breech on the 17th street canal is reported by FEMA Special Assistant Michael Heath. At 2:00 PM CDT (1900 UTC), New Orleans officials confirmed a breach of the 17th Street Canal levee.
In a press conference at 3:00 PM CDT (2000 UTC), New Orleans Homeland Security Director Terry Ebbertt said that "Everybody who had a way or wanted to get out of the way of this storm was able to. For some that didn't, it was their last night on this earth." Emergency workers had answered a number of calls from people trapped in trees and attics, and in some cases, had been disconnected with those pleading for help. Police fanned out across the city to assess damage and rescue people before nightfall. Governor Blanco sent 68 school buses from surrounding parishes to begin evacuating survivors in New Orleans. 6,908 Army National Guard and 933 Air National Guard were deployed (7,841 total). The hardest-hit areas of the city were the Lower Ninth Ward, New Orleans East, Gentilly, St. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes, and Lakeview.
FEMA Director Michael Brown asked United States Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff to dispatch 1,000 Homeland Security workers to the region to assist with disaster relief from the "near catastrophic event." DHS personnel were told to "establish and maintain positive working relationships with disaster affected communities" and "collect and disseminate information and make referrals for appropriate assistance." In addition, they were supposed to identify "potential issues within the community" and report them while conveying "a positive image of disaster operations to government officials, community organizations and the general public." President Bush declared a major disaster for Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama under the authority of the Stafford Act. Katrina caused almost two thousand people to die in the Deep South.
The American Civil War was on by the 1860s. After Abraham Lincoln was elected as the new President of the United States of America, the secession crisis grew. South Carolina's legislature called a state convention to consider secession. South Carolina did a lot to promote the falsehood that any state had the right to nullify federal laws (even just federal laws) and secede from the Union. On December 20, 1860, the South Carolina convention unanimously voted to secede and adopted a secession declaration. It argued for states' rights for slave owners but complained about states' rights in the North in the form of resistance to the federal Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their obligations to assist in the return of fugitive slaves. The "cotton states" of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861. Among the ordinances of secession, those of Texas, Alabama, and Virginia mentioned the plight of the "slaveholding states" at the hands of Northern abolitionists. The rest made no mention of slavery but were brief announcements by the legislatures of the dissolution of ties to the Union. However, at least four—South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas —provided detailed reasons for their secession, all blaming the movement to abolish slavery and its influence over the North. Southern states believed that the Fugitive Slave Clause made slaveholding a constitutional right which is ludicrous and wrong. These states agreed to form a new federal government, the Confederate States of America, on February 4, 1861. They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries, with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan, whose term ended on March 4. Buchanan said the Dred Scott decision was proof the Southern states had no reason to secede and that the Union "was intended to be perpetual". He added, however, that "The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union" was not among the "enumerated powers granted to Congress." A quarter of the US army—the Texas garrison—was surrendered in February to state forces by its general, David E. Twiggs, who joined the Confederacy. The truth is that the Confederate Constitution cited slavery as the reason for the Confederate existence.
As Southerners resigned their Senate and House seats, Republicans could pass projects that had been blocked. These included the Morrill Tariff, land grant colleges, a Homestead Act, a transcontinental railroad, the National Bank Act, authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862, and the end of slavery in the District of Columbia. The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced income tax to help finance the war. It is important to note that the Republicans were more progressive politically back than the Democrats back then. On March 4, 1861, Lincoln was sworn in as president. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was a binding contract, and called secession "legally void." He did not intend to invade Southern states, nor to end slavery where it existed, but he said he would use force to maintain possession of federal property, including forts, arsenals, mints, and custom houses that had been seized. The government would not try to recover post offices, and if resisted, mail delivery would end at state lines. Where conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of federal law, US marshals and judges would be withdrawn. No mention was made of bullion lost from mints. He stated that it would be US policy "to collect the duties and imposts"; "there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere" that would justify an armed revolution. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union, famously calling on "the mystic chords of memory" binding the two regions.
The Davis government of the new Confederacy sent delegates to Washington to negotiate a peace treaty. Lincoln rejected negotiations, because he claimed that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government and to make a treaty with it would recognize it as such. I agree with President Abraham Lincoln on that point. Lincoln instead attempted to negotiate directly with the governors of seceded states, whose administrations he continued to recognize. Complicating Lincoln's attempts to defuse the crisis was Secretary of State William H. Seward, who had been Lincoln's rival for the Republican nomination. Embittered by his defeat, Seward agreed to support Lincoln's candidacy only after he was guaranteed the executive office then considered the second most powerful. In the early stages of Lincoln's presidency Seward held little regard for him, due to his perceived inexperience. Seward viewed himself as the de facto head of government, the "prime minister" behind the throne. Seward attempted to engage in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed. Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union-occupied forts in the Confederacy: Fort Monroe in Virginia, Fort Pickens, Fort Jefferson, and Fort Taylor in Florida, and Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces opened fire on the Union-held Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter is located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Its status had been contentious for months. Outgoing President Buchanan had dithered in reinforcing its garrison, commanded by Major Robert Anderson. Anderson took matters into his own hands and on December 26, 1860, under the cover of darkness, sailed the garrison from the poorly placed Fort Moultrie to the stalwart island Fort Sumter. Anderson's actions catapulted him to hero status in the North. An attempt to resupply the fort on January 9, 1861, failed and nearly started the war then, but an informal truce held. On March 5, Lincoln was informed the fort was low on supplies. Fort Sumter proved a key challenge to Lincoln's administration. Back-channel dealing by Seward with the Confederates undermined Lincoln's decision-making; Seward wanted to pull out. But a firm hand by Lincoln tamed Seward, who was a staunch Lincoln ally. Lincoln decided holding the fort, which would require reinforcing it, was the only workable option. On April 6, Lincoln informed the Governor of South Carolina that a ship with food but no ammunition would attempt to supply the fort. Historian McPherson describes this win-win approach as "the first sign of the mastery that would mark Lincoln's presidency"; the Union would win if it could resupply and hold the fort, and the South would be the aggressor if it opened fire on an unarmed ship supplying starving men. An April 9 Confederate cabinet meeting resulted in Davis ordering General P. G. T. Beauregard to take the fort before supplies reached it. At 4:30 am on April 12, Confederate forces fired the first of 4,000 shells at the fort; it fell the next day. The loss of Fort Sumter lit a patriotic fire under the North. On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to field 75,000 volunteer troops for 90 days; impassioned Union states met the quotas quickly. On May 3, 1861, Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for three years. Shortly after this, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina seceded and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond.
Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, West Virginia, and Kentucky were slave border states who people had divided loyalties to Northern and Southern businesses and family members. Some men enlisted in the Union Army and other people were in the Confederate Army. West Virginia separated from Virginia and was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, though half of its counties were secessionists. Maryland's lands surrounded Washington. D.C. and was cut off from the North. It had anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges. They did this to hinder the passage of troops to the South.
The American Civil War was fierce and very violent. At least 237 battles took place with high casualties. Historian John Keegan said that the American Civil was "one of the most ferocious wars ever fought." Pro-Union forces were in the Confederacy too. As many as 100,000 men living in the South served in the Union Army or pro-Union guerrilla groups. They came from all classes. According to Elizabeth D. Leonard, between 500 and 1,000 women enlisted as soldiers on both sides, some disguised as men. Women served as spies, resistance activists, nurses, and hospital personnel. By early 1861, Union General Winfield Scott made the Anaconda Pln to win the war by using a blockade to stop trade into the Confederacy. Abraham Lincoln promoted parts of this plan by in April 1861 ordering a blockade of all Southern ports, commerical ships could not get insurance, ending regular traffic. The blockade shut down the cotton industry in the South. Some British people aided in trading to the Confederacy.
Like World War 2, the American Civil War has diverse theaters which were the Eastern Theater, the Western Theater, the Trans-Mississippi Theater, Lower Seaboard theater, and the Pacific Coast Theater. The Union had an advantage in population and industrial resources. The Union had 22 million people and the Confederacy had 9 million people with 3.5 million unjustly enslaved African Americans. The Union also had the West with massive resources to aid in building weapons and other tools for warfare. The Union had a larger railroad system along with a well organized Navy system. The Confederacy had many previous U.S. military leaders like General Robert E. Lee from Virginia. Lee once opposed secession and then joined the Confederacy for state's rights reasons. The Confederacy wanted to fight long enough to negotiate a deal to maintain slavery in their lands. They didn't need to rule over the Union but attack the Union to make it give up. Abraham Lincoln evolved from 1861 to even not banning slaves if it meant to maintain the Union to desiring to ban all slavery in America completely by 1865. The American Civil War started slowly and then grew rapidly.
The early era of the American Civil War from 1861 to 1862 had a complete stalemate with both Union and Confederate victories. America still had to contend with the Confederate enemy. By July 1861, German Scott sent General Irvin McDowell and more than 30,000 Union troops to do battle with the Confederate forces waiting outside of Washington, D.C. The Union and Confederate armies met at Bull Run, a creek newar Manassas, Virginia. I'm from Virginia, so Manassas is at Northern Virginia. During the first hours, the Union forces had the upper advantage. There was a determined Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson who sent them back to Washington. Confederates nicknamed him Stonewall Jackson to refuse to give up. The Battle is known as the Battle of Bull Run in the North and the Battle of Manassas in the South. After the battle, it was self evident that the war would be long and bloody. It was a Confederate victory Abraham Lincoln responded by calling for more Union troops and replacing McDowell with General George B. McClellan. So, McClellan was organizing his Union Army of the Potomac. Then, General Ulysses S. Grant was in the Mississippi Valley wing of the Anaconda Plan. By February 1862, Grant directed the attack and capture of two Confederate strongholds of Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Dunlson at the Cumberland River. His bold action drove the Confederate forces from Western Kentucky and much of Tennessee that boasted Union morale. Yet, in April 1862, Grant fought a terrible battle in southwest Tennessee. In just 2 days of fighting, almost 25,000 Union and Confederate soldiers were killed or wounded. The Battle of Shiloh horrified both the North and South and temporarily damaged Grant's rising reputation. The Union won the Battle of Shiloh. Some good news is that the Battle of Shiloh was a foundation for the future victory of Union forces of getting New Orleans. Days later, Union ships under the command of David Farragut saile through the Gulf of Mexico and seized the tial southern port of New Orleans. Farragut sailed north hoped to capture the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, but Vicksburg being ruled by the Union would have to wait. Union control of the Mississippi would take time.
The American Civil War was found in the Southwest as far as New Mexico and Arizona. The American Southwest had gold mines and access to California and the Pacific Ocean. Neither sides had many troops in the region.
In Living Color was groundbreaking show which is having its 35th Year Anniversary now. It ran from FOX from April 15, 1990 to May 19, 1994. It ended when I was in the 5th grade of elementary school. I remember watching the show a lot of times on the weekends. It was created by Keenen Ivory Wayans. It's ironic that this time is after the Wayans family won the NAACP Award. Keenan Ivory Wayans wrote and starred in the series too. To the Wayans family, In Living Color was a labor of love. The sketch comedy television series was controversial, funny, ahead of its time, and causes tons of future comedians to be actors and actresses on a higher level. The show was produced by Ivory Way Productions in association with 20th Television and taped at stage 7 at the Metromedia Square on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. The producers of the show were Keenan Ivory Wayans, Greg Fields, Les Firestein, Joe Davola, Pam Veasey, Tamara Rawitt, Kevin Berg, and Robert Jason. In Living Color has a mostly African American cast in contrast to SNL which had a mostly white cast back them. In Living Color wanted to show humor that not only focused on funny sketches. The skits on In Living Color tackled music, culture, gender, and other aspects of social living. Damon, Kim, Shawn, and Marlon Wayans were active on the show including brother Dwayne. Many comedians were given an opportunity to grow their careers in their early stages like Jamie Foxx, Jim Carrey, Tommy Davidson, David Allen Grier, Kelly Coffield Park, and T'Keyah Crystal Keymah. The show had many dances called The Fly Girls with Jennifer Lopez and Carrie Ann Inaba. Rosie Perez was the choreographer of The Fly Girls. The series won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Series in 1990. It was bold for airing a live, special episode as a counterprogram for the halftime show of the Super Bowl XXVI. This caused the NFL to use major musicians in Halftime performances like Michael Jackson in the following year. Other members of the show were Alexandra Wentworth, Anne-Marie Johnson, Lay Leggett, Marc Wilmore, Kim Coles, and other people. Laurieann Gibson was a Fly Girl too. Laurieann Gibson is one of the greatest dancers and choreographers of our generation being involved in hip hop and R&B plus pop music.
We all know that blood pressure is an important part of our health. It is a very important indicator of how well we are or not. We know that the older you get, the more careful you have to be in dealing with your blood pressure. At its core, what is blood pressure? Blood pressure is the force of blood against the walls of your arteries. It's measured in two numbers called systolic and diastolic. Systolic represent the pressure when your heart beats, and diastolic is the pressure when the heart is resting. A healthy systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm Hg, and a healthy diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mm Hg. mm Hg stands for millimeters of mercury. It's a unit to measure pressure like blood pressure. It is a unit of pressure that measures how high a column of mercury would rise. Now, high blood pressure is called hypertension. Measurements of high blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg or higher. High blood pressure can increase the risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. As people age, those risks can increase. High blood pressure can be caused by weight issues, not getting enough exercise, eating foods high in sodium, smoking (or using tobacco products), and drinking excessive alcohol. High blood pressure can damage blood vessels, making them more likely to burst or become blocked. When a blood clot blocks an artery that supplies blood to the brain, it can cause an ischemic stroke. People recommend folks call 9/11 if a blood pressure reading is 180/120 or higher. There are many ways to lower blood pressure by maintaining a moderate body weight, eating a balanced diet (filled with beet juice, carrots, probiotics, etc.), cut down on sodium intake, engage in regular physical activity, managing stress, and quit smoking. Quitting smoking is a method to improve human health immediately. Doctors, nurses, and other health experts use monitor to measure blood pressure. There are machines and other devices that people can use at home to measure blood pressure too.
The Roman Catholic Church existed by gradual development. By 595 A.D., John IV Faster started using the title of universal bishop that even Gregory I denied that for himself as Gregory I was the Bishop of Rome. Gregory I said tyht the title of "universal bishop" was a sign that the antichrist is near and called it a proud and profane title. He compared John IV to the devil. In 2 Thess. 2:3-4, there is a prophecy about the antichrist falsely claiming to be God being the man of lawlessness and the son of destruction. By 595, John IV Faster (the Patriarch of Constantinople) died on September 2, 595. The Roman Emperor Maurice was murdered in a coup by Phocas, who then became Emperor by 602 A.D. There was a great power structure and rivalry between Old Rome (found in Italy) and New Rome (found in Constantinople). Gregory I promoted cardinal bishops. By 604 A.D., Gregory I, the bishop of Rome died and is replaced by Sabinian who reign for 2 years. In 606 A.D., Sabinian died and Boniface III was the bishop of Rome. Boniface III changed everything. Phocas writes to the new bishop Boniface that Boniface III is the new Head of all the churches which is a lie and heresy. He called him Universal Bishop. Boniface III accepts these titles and Catholicism in the modern sense was born. The Eastern Orthodox Churches didn't accept Rome's claims and split from Rome permanently by 1054 A.D. in the Great Schism. Boniface III died on February 19, 607 A.D.
During the Church History era of Pergamos, the church spread globally from Ireland to China. There were many martyrs during that period that defended the faith. Many believers had a great foundation to adhere to core doctrines of Christianity like the Deity of Christ, the resurrection, the Virgin Birth, and the Holy Trinity. Heretics and other blasphemers were abundant, but many councils stood up to maintain the truth that the bedrock of Christian tenets must be respected. The Council of Nicea was right to maintain the Deity of Christ and the resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ against the heresy of Arianism. Yet, Constantine made the error to merge church and state. Church and state shouldn't be mixed as God gives human beings free will to accept or not accept the Gospel voluntarily. The Gospel is not meant to be used against a person's volition. It ought to be voluntarily expressed to all Creation. Also, the church and state merging caused more heresies to rise and a centralization of some church so much that many bishops claim to be the the universal bishop which is unscriptural and ahistorical. The church originally was meant to be independent houses of worship filled with preachers, worshipers, and other clergy. As time went on false doctrines like Mary being the Mother of God, Rosary, prayers sent to Mary, purgatory, the veneration of saints and angels, and other false teachings rose up. Then, the Roman Empire declined and was gone on Western Europe forever by 476 A.D. Germanic tribes conquered many areas of Europe blatantly starting the Middle Ages. Boniface III claimed to be the Universal Bishop starting the modern Day Roman Catholic Church as we know it by 606 A.D. This era saw more people realizing that truth that if a person deny the power of the Scriptures, deny that Jesus Christ is God incarnate who saved the sins of the whole world by what he did on the Cross, deny the virgin birth of Jesus Christ, and deny the physical resurrection of Jesus Christ, that person is not a Christian (just a believer in God as a theist). After this era was the era of Thyatria from 606 A.D. to 1648 A.D. (from the time of Boniface III calling himself the Universal Bishop to the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia that recognized Protestantism in Europe). This era saw the peak of control of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe and the start of its decline with the historic Reformation and other events that impacted Christianity forever and ever.
By Timothy
Sunday, February 23, 2025
Saturday, February 22, 2025
Friday, February 21, 2025
Late February 2025 Updates.
Trump being disrespectful to Zelensky shouldn't be shocking. Trump has shown the world that he doesn't care about democracy or freedom. He wants to mimic Putin's dictatorship in America as Trump has fired thousands of IRS workers without just cause, proclaimed himself King, and wants to lock up Liz Cheney. Putin continues to use war crimes against Ukraine. In Bucha, the Russian forces killed hundreds of Ukrainian civilians by murdering clergy, cutting the arms of people, and brutally destroying innocent property. These are the facts that traitors like Trump, MAGA cultists, and fake so-called liberal anti-war activists omit. They omit Russian imperialism and mock the sacrifice of Ukrainians defending their homeland against the actions of a dictator, who is Putin. Putin won't stop in Ukraine. Lavrov lied and said that Russia would not invade Ukraine. Now, here we are. The Republicans are with Trump, and these cowardly Trump-supporting Republicans are complicit in Trump's appeasement to Putin. The U.S. refuses to allow Zelensky now in negotiations to create a peace settlement. Trump loves to show Moscow talking points and promote the lie that Zelensky is a cruel dictator. It is only recently that a U.S. envoy has met with Zelenskyy. This far-right foreign policy is filled with allying with dictators overseas, imperialism in the Western Hemisphere, and abandoning building alliances (which is needed to build up the world's democracies and help the oppressed with real investments). It's a disgrace.
Trump has told the lie that Ukraine started the war when Russia invaded Ukraine first. Putin has allowed Russian forces to attack cables in Western Europe. Many people in Europe are questioning if America is acting in the interests of Putin. Putin has run a dictatorship for years. Trump also criticized Zelensky as a dictator when he isn't one. Trump and his team are negotiating with Russia without input from Ukraine on the war. If Putin have massive concessions, he could invade Poland and other areas. Putin wants the Warsaw Pact recreated. Trump criticizing Zelensky massively is not surprising, because Trump is a traitor to American democracy who cares more for authoritarianism than freedom and justice for humanity. It is no secret that the Meuller report proved that Russia wanted Trump to win, because Trump would be more likely to be manipulated to promote the interests of Putin.
The Senate has confirmed Kash Patel as Trump's FBI Director. Kash is a Trump loyalist who wants extremism to be the order of the day. Kash said that he wants retribution against Trump's political opponents. Patel, during his confirmation hearing, claimed that he wanted no politicization at the FBI and no retributive actions. As a Republican congressional aide and Trump national security staffer, Patel fought to declassify and release documents to try to undercut the FBI's investigation into connections between Russia and the 2016 Trump campaign. Many military families are rocked by Trump's federal government cuts.
The anti-DEI agenda is not just about attacking affirmative action. The far-right wants any investment to support diversity to be banned, they want the whitewashing of American history, they desire book bans, and they promote the myth that racial discrimination is non-existent today. You need diversity in society, because diverse viewpoints and diverse backgrounds build up America's cultural strength. DEI programs aren't meant to promote unqualified people to have jobs. It is about promoting diverse human beings with great qualifications to express their talents to the world in growing our economy, our families, and our common humanity. Ironically, Trump has promoted people with little to no qualifications in his cabinet. RFK Jr. doesn't even know the difference between Medicare and Medicaid. High school children know that difference.
The judge Dale Ho didn't immediately rule on the DOJ's push to drop corruption charges against the controversial centrist NYC mayor Eric Adams. Adams arrived at the United States District Court for the Southern District on February 19, 2025. The DOJ wants the charges ended against Adams, because Adams promised the Trump administration to promote a more conservative response to immigration issues in New York City. Many people disagree with the DOJ. That is why eight federal prosecutors, including the interim U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York have resigned in protest. Four deputy mayors have departed City Hall too. Acting Deputy Attorney General Emil Bove argued that the case should be dismissed without prejudice. Adams has consented in writing to the deal and denies any quid pro quo with the administration. He was charged with bribery, corruption, wire fraud, and soliciting and accepting donations from foreign nations in exchange for boosting Trump's immigration agenda. Now, the judge will decide if the push to drop charges will stand or not.
By Timothy
Thursday, February 20, 2025
Wednesday, February 19, 2025
The 6888th Battalion
Remembering the 6688th Central Post Directory Battalion | 13newsnow.com
Love, jealousy and riots: How Bristol welcomed the US Army during WW2 - Bristol Live
SoCal veterans honor all-Black female WWII unit
Millie Dunn Veasey / USA / Women of the 6888th
MPT Presents | The SixTripleEight | PBS
LTC Charity Adams Earley / USA / Women of the 6888th
Foreign Policy and Domestic Policy News.
The Trump administration has a plan to seize Ukraine's minerals and the mounting US-EU conflict. The U.S. and Russian foreign ministers met with each other in Saudi Arabia to discuss the war in Ukraine and bilateral relations. These talks don't have anything to do with peace but exploitation of Ukrainian resources. The Trump administration sent Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent to Kiev to propose a deal to Ukranian President Volodymyr Zelensky to exchange for past and future U.S. support, Ukraine would cede half its rare earth, lithium, and titanium deposits (worth half a trillion dollars) to the U.S. The majority of these resources are in Russian occupied territory, so Trump wants an agreement with Moscow. It is uncertain if such a deal with materialize. Trump wants Putin to make concessions in the Middle East and Putin wants concessions involving Ukraine. Trump wants to expel Palestinians from Gaza and seek to weaken Russia's alliance with China. Zelensky doesn't want Ukraine to be an American colony. The European Union wants its interests promoted aside of Trump's agenda. E.U. foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas told Reuters that the E.U. gave Ukraine more than 134 billion euros. So, Russia, the U.S., and the European Union have different motivations in dealing with Ukraine, but many factions in those three groups have militaristic motivations in trying to control Ukraine. Ukraine should be an independent county, not a satellite of America, the E.U., or Russia.
Trump wants to have separate peace talks with Russia in Saudi Arabia. It is obvious that Putin wants Ukraine to lose its lands in order for him to expand his influence in the world. Putin lied before the invasion claiming to not desiring to invade Ukraine, but Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022. Vladimir Putin and Russian advisors desire to dominate Ukraine and possibly attack NATO nations in Eastern Europe. Putin believes in the myth that Ukraine is not an authentic nation. There is no peace unless Ukraine is a sovereign, independent nation. Trump hypocritically claims to be an isolationist but desires to annex Greenland, Canada, and the Panama Canal.
On Monday, February 17, 2025, there have been protests all across America to disagree with Trump and Musk's fascist and illegal policies. The Washington Post reported that Musk's DOGE group wants to monitor more data information involving IRS information like tax information, citizens' personal information, etc. Trump and DOGE are not going after waste, fraud, and abuse truly as they are firing innocent federal government workers, because they have a hatred of the concept of a strong national government. Also, Trump has crippled government agencies that are stopping government corruption. Elon Musk's actions are completely Big Brother, and MAGA followers hypocritically claim to be for freedom (but they support Trump and Musk using ethically immoral actions). The Musk team wanting access to IRS taxpayer records is highly evil. True love of truth is never about attacking immigrants, cutting taxes for the rich, whitewashing black history, or unelected bureaucrats who want access to Americans' private records illegally. Trump voters should be shamed as Trump and Musk told the world for months about what they desire to do (the Trump agenda mirrors the agenda of Project 2025). DOGE is a Trojan horse in allowing the far right to try to gut labor, consumer, and environmental protections under the guise of "cutting fraud, waste, and abuse." If DOGE was sincere in cutting waste, they would cut tax loopholes, stop subsidies that benefit the wealthy and large corporations, and confront the corruption found in oligarchy. We desire true change, not Trumpism.
Homan suggested that Rep. Ocasio-Cortez could face an investigation over her Know Your Rights Campaign. This is fascism by Homan. First, Ocasio-Cortez has the First Amendment free speech right to remind migrants of their Fourth Amendment rights and their basic human rights. Also, immigrants, regardless of status, are still entitled to fundamental human rights. The MAGA hypocrites justify the quid pro quo action involving Eric Adams, but they want to target Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, because she is trying to educate human rights on their fundamental human rights. Now, a top prosecutor at the D.C. U.S. Attorney's office has resigned amid the DOJ turmoil. Trump and Musk are doing these nefarious actions to benefit themselves economically and the corporate power structure that funds both of these far-right extremists.
There was a plane crash in Toronto at the Toronto airport. Emergency teams are responding in the area at Canada's Toronto Pearson Airport. The incident involves an aircraft from Delta Air Lines arriving from Minneapolis, according to the airport. Video from CNN newsgathering partner CTV shows the plane flipped upside down at the airport. All 80 people on board have been evacuated, according to a preliminary statement by the Federal Aviation Administration. Up to 8 people have been injured according to Canada's CP24 news channel report, citing paramedics. There were strong winds in the Toronto area. This situation comes three weeks after an American Airlines plane collided midair with a U.S. Black Hawk Helicopter while on approach to Washington, D.C.'s Reagan National Airport (and after the deadly Air and Azerbaijan Airlines accidents in December).
By Timothy
Monday, February 17, 2025
Events of the Past.
The tensions among North and South existed long before the American Civil War. Back in the Revolutionary times, the North and the South competed for political power. After 1848, these tensions only grew. There were many anti-slavery elements in the North and pro-slavery elements in the South. By 1860, there were four million slaves in the South. It is important to note that abolitionists and anti-slavery black people fought for freedom in the South too. A small number of Northerners wanted to have the immediate abolition of slavery. A much larger number of Northerners opposed the expansion of slavery and sought to put it on the path of extinction. There were many violent reactions to abolitionist advocates in the North like the burning of an anti-slavery society in Pennsylvania Hall. Many resistance actions to slavery were peaceful, some people used self-defense, and they were outright resistance against slavery in other ways. Resistance is justified as slaves lived in a tyrannical state and a tyrannical system. Slavery is fascism and tyranny, so black people have every God-given right to resist slavery by any means necessary to have freedom. The slave rebellions by Gabriel Prosser in 1800, Denmark Vesey in 1822, Nat Turner in 1831, and John Brown in 1859 caused racist whites in the South to possess fear. These racists created stricter oversight of slaves was imposed and the rights of free black people were reduced. Southern racist white Democrats back then insisted that slavery was of economic, social, and cultural benefit, even to the slaves themselves (which is complete racist nonsense). Plantation owners relied on slavery for their economic power. The plantations produced resources which were used by European markets and Northern cities, so the North is not innocent in the slavery tyrannical system in America back then. Many Northern cities and regional industries were tied economically to slavery via banking, shipping, manufacturing, including their textile mills. Southern states benefited from slavery by having an increased apportionment in Congress due to partial counting of slaves in their populations. The Compromise of 1850 dealt with slavery. The Compromise of 1850 was created in a package of five separate bills passed by the U.S. Congress in September 1850 (promoted by Whig Senator Henry Clay, Democratic senator Stephen A. Douglas, and President Millard Fillmore). It wanted to defuse tensions between slave and free states, but tensions grew. So, the Compromise of 1850 allowed California to enter the Union as a free state, strengthened fugitive slave laws with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, banned the slave trade in Washington, D.C. (while still allowing slavery to exist there), and created northern and western borders for Texas. The deal made New Mexico a territory and the Territory of Utah with no restrictions on whether any future state from this territory would be free or slave. Sojourner Truth gives her "Ain't I a Woman" speech at a women's rights convention in Akron, Ohio in 1851. March 20, 1852 was when Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe was published. December 1853 was when Clotel; or, The President's Daughter, by Williams Wells Brown, is the first novel published by an African-American. John Mercer Langston is one of the first African Americans elected to public office when elected as a town clerk in Ohio by 1855.
The Missouri Compromise was repealed in 1854 with the Kansas–Nebraska Act; promoted by Stephen Douglas in the name of "popular sovereignty" and democracy, this act of Congress permitted voters to decide on the legality of slavery in each territory. Anti-slavery forces rose in anger and alarm, forming the new Republican Party. Pro- and anti- contingents rushed to Kansas to vote for or against slavery, resulting in a miniature civil war called Bleeding Kansas. By the late 1850s, the young Republican Party dominated nearly all Northern states, and hence the electoral colleges. The party insisted that slavery would never be allowed to expand and would therefore slowly die out.
May 21, 1856 was when the Sacking of Lawrence in Bleeding Kansas took place. May 25, 1856 was when John Brown, whom Abraham Lincoln called a "misguided fanatic", retaliates for Lawrence's sacking in the Pottawatomie massacre. Wilberforce University is founded by collaboration between Methodist Episcopal and African Methodist Episcopal representatives in 1856. Harriet E. Wilson writes the autobiographical novel Our Nig in 1859. In 1859, Ableman v. Booth the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state courts cannot issue rulings that contradict the decisions of federal courts; this decision uphold the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, and in August 22, 1859, the last known slave ship to arrive to the U.S., the Clotilde, docks in secrecy at Mobile, Alabama. The Supreme Court's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ruled that the Compromise was unconstitutional, and that free Black people were not U.S. citizens. The decision enraged Northerners, and the Republicans worried that the decision could be used to expand slavery.
The 1860 Presidential election was one of the most important elections in human history. Abraham Lincoln, with his imperfections, won the election, and he was a threat to the Southern aristocracy, because Lincoln was a lifelong opponent of slavery. Abraham Lincoln was a lawyer and an Illinois state legislature, military veteran, and lawyer. He was born in Hodgenville, Kentucky in the South, and he grew to be one of the greatest President in American history. The end of the 1860 election caused the Southern states to secede and leave the Union to form the Confederacy. By 1860, the country was heavily divided among the anti-slavery Republicans and the pro-slavery Democrats. The incumbent president, James Buchanan, like his predecessor, Franklin Pierce, was a Northern Democrat with Southern sympathies. Buchanan also adamantly promised not to seek reelection. From the mid-1850s, the anti-slavery Republican Party became a major political force, driven by Northern voter opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the Supreme Court's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford. From the election of 1856, the Republican Party had replaced the defunct Whig Party as the major opposition to the Democrats. A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings (which was a xenophobic, anti-immigrant party) formed the Constitutional Union Party, which sought to avoid disunion by resolving divisions over slavery with some new compromise. The Republicans had many people running for President like Abraham Lincoln, William Seward (a Senator from New York), Simon Cameron (a Senator from Pennsylvania), Salmon P. Chase (a governor of Ohio), Edward Bates (the former representative from Missouri), John McLean (an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court), Benjamin Wade (a Senator from Ohio), and William L. Dayton (a former Senator from New Jersey). The Republican National Convention met in mid-May 1860 after the Democrats had been forced to adjourn their convention in Charleston. With the Democrats in disarray and a sweep of the Northern states possible, the Republicans felt confident going into their convention in Chicago. William H. Seward from New York was considered the front-runner, followed by Salmon P. Chase from Ohio, and Missouri's Edward Bates. Abraham Lincoln from Illinois, was lesser-known, and was not considered to have a good chance against Seward. Seward had been governor and senator of New York and was an able politician with a Whig background. Also running were John C. Frémont, William L. Dayton, Cassius M. Clay, and Benjamin Wade, who might be able to win if the convention deadlocked.
Chase, a former Democrat, had alienated many of the former Whigs by his coalition with the Democrats in the late 1840s. He had also opposed tariffs demanded by Pennsylvania and even had opposition from his own delegation from Ohio. However, Chase's firm antislavery stance made him popular with the Radical Republicans. But what he offered in policy he lacked in charisma and political acumen.The conservative Bates was an unlikely candidate but found support from Horace Greeley, who sought any chance to defeat Seward, with whom he now had a bitter feud. Bates outlined his positions on the extension of slavery into the territories and equal constitutional rights for all citizens, positions that alienated his supporters in the border states and Southern conservatives, while German Americans in the party opposed Bates because of his past association with the Know Nothings.
Into this mix came Lincoln. He was not unknown; he had gained prominence in the 1858 Lincoln–Douglas debates and had represented Illinois in the House of Representatives. Lincoln had been quietly eyeing a run since the debates, ensuring that they were widely published and that a biography of himself was published. He gained great notability with his acclaimed February 1860 Cooper Union speech, which may have ensured him the nomination although he had not yet announced his intention to run. Delivered in Seward's home state and attended by Greeley, Lincoln used the speech to show that the Republican Party was a party of moderates, not crazed fanatics, as Southerners and Democrats claimed. Afterward, Lincoln was in much demand for speaking engagements. As the convention approached, Lincoln did not campaign actively, as the "office was expected to seek the man". So, it did at the Illinois state convention, a week before the national convention. Young politician Richard Oglesby found several fence rails that Lincoln may have split as a youngster and paraded them into the convention with a banner that proclaimed Lincoln to be "The Rail Candidate" for president. Lincoln received a thunderous ovation, surpassing his and his political allies' expectations. Lincoln's campaign managers had printed and distributed thousands of fake convention admission tickets to Lincoln supporters to ensure and increase the crowd's support.
Abraham Lincoln had a hard time to win the nomination. He wanted to be the second choice of most delegates in order to into the 2nd round. As the convention developed, however, it was revealed that frontrunners Seward, Chase, and Bates had each alienated factions of the Republican Party. Seward had been painted as a radical, and his speeches on slavery predicted inevitable conflict, which spooked moderate delegates. He also was firmly opposed to nativism, which further weakened his support. Seward was right to oppose nativism. He had also been abandoned by his longtime friend and political ally Horace Greeley, publisher of the influential New-York Tribune. Seward won the first round and Lincoln was in second place as Lincoln predicted. Many voters switched from Seward to Lincoln. The convention was deadlocked. Abraham Lincoln's delegates convinced delegates to abandon Seward to go for Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was a moderate on political subjects including slavery, promoted economic issues, and had a strong oratory ability to allow the delegates to pick him to be the Presidential candidate of the Republican Party. Senator Hannibal Hamlin from Maine was his vice-Presidential running mate. The Republicans wanted tariffs to protect industry and workers, a Homestead Act granting free farmland in the West to settlers, and the funding of a transcontinental railroad. There was no mention of Mormonism (which had been condemned in the Party's 1856 platform), the Fugitive Slave Act, personal liberty laws, or the Dred Scott decision. While the Seward forces were disappointed at the nomination of a little-known western upstart, they rallied behind Lincoln, while abolitionists were angry at the selection of a moderate and had little faith in Lincoln. The 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago nominated Abraham Lincoln, a former one-term Whig Representative from Illinois.
The 1860 Presidential election Democratic conventions were tumultuous, becuase the Democrats split into Northern and Southern party conventions. Its platform promised not to interfere with slavery in the South but opposed extension of slavery into the territories. The 1860 Democratic National Convention adjourned in Charleston, South Carolina, without agreeing on a nominee, but a second convention in Baltimore, Maryland, nominated Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas. Douglas's support for the concept of popular sovereignty, which called for each territory's settlers to decide locally on the status of slavery, alienated many radical pro-slavery Southern Democrats, who wanted the territories, and perhaps other lands, open to slavery. Northern Democratic candidates were Stephen Douglas, James Gurthrie, Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, Joseph Lane, Daniel S. Dickinson, Andrew Johnson (a Senator from Tennessee), and Howell Cobb. Douglas' running mate was Hershel V. Johnson (the 41st Governor of Georgia). Douglas believed in popular sovereignty in allowing states to vote for slavery or not. Radical pro-slavery people called the Fire Eaters left the convention on June 18, 1860, because they would not adopt a resolution to extend slavery into territories whose voter didn't want it.
With President Buchanan's support, Southern Democrats held their own convention, nominating Vice President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. This convention took place on June 11, 1860, at Richmond, Virginia. This Southern Democratic convention decided to nominate Democrat John C. Breckinridge for president and Senator Joseph Lane from Oregon for vice president. The Breckinridge and Lane ticket was supported by the Buchanan administration. The 1860 Constitutional Union Convention, which hoped to avoid the slavery issue entirely, nominated a ticket led by former Tennessee Senator John Bell. Many in the xenophobic Know Nothing party and the Whig Party were in the Constitutional Union Party. Gerrit Smith was in the Liberty Union Party (he was a former representative from New York) being a Radical Abolitionist. Nonetheless, he remained popular in the party because he had helped inspire some of John Brown's supporters at the Raid on Harpers Ferry. In his letter, Smith donated $50 to pay for the printing of ballots in the various states. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas were rivals. There was the People's Party too. Lincoln lost to Douglas in the Illinois Senate race just two years earlier.
The 1860 Presidential election was long. In their campaigning, Bell and Douglas both claimed that disunion would not necessarily follow a Lincoln election. Nonetheless, loyal army officers in Virginia, Kansas and South Carolina warned Lincoln of military preparations to the contrary. Secessionists threw their support behind Breckinridge in an attempt either to force the anti-Republican candidates to coordinate their electoral votes or throw the election into the House of Representatives, where the selection of the president would be made by the representatives elected in 1858, before the Republican majorities in both House and Senate achieved in 1860 were seated in the new 37th Congress. Mexican War hero Winfield Scott suggested to Lincoln that he assume the powers of a commander-in-chief before inauguration. However, historian Bruce Chadwick observes that Lincoln and his advisors ignored the widespread alarms and threats of secession as mere election trickery.
Indeed, voting in the South was not as monolithic as the Electoral College map would make it seem. Economically, culturally, and politically, the South was made up of three regions. In the states of the Upper South, also known as the Border South (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri), unionist popular votes were scattered among Lincoln, Douglas, and Bell, to form a majority in all four. In the four Middle South states, there was a unionist majority divided between Douglas and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee; in North Carolina and Arkansas, the unionist (Bell and Douglas) vote approached a majority. In three of the seven Deep South states, unionists (Bell and Douglas) won divided majorities in Georgia and Louisiana and neared it in Alabama. Breckinridge convincingly carried only four of the seven states of the Deep South (South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, and Texas). The Deep South states had the largest enslaved populations, and consequently the smallest enfranchised free white populations. The election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860, and was noteworthy for the exaggerated sectionalism and voter enthusiasm in a country that was soon to dissolve into civil war. Voter turnout was 81.2%, the highest in American history up to that time, and the second-highest overall (exceeded only in the election of 1876) or 1.5% of the voting age population.
Lincoln's main opponent in the North was Douglas, who won the popular vote in Missouri, electoral votes in New Jersey, and the second highest popular vote total nationally. Douglas was the only candidate in the 1860 election to win electoral votes in both free and slave states. In the South, Bell won three states and Breckinridge swept the remaining 11. Lincoln's election motivated seven Southern states, all having voted for Breckinridge, to secede before the inauguration in March. Although Lincoln received no votes in 10 Southern states, this was due not to his having been removed from the ballot in those states but rather to the Republican Party's absence in those states (parties rather than states printed ballots in that era). The American Civil War began less than two months after Lincoln's inauguration, with the Battle of Fort Sumter; afterward four further states seceded. Lincoln would go on to win re-election in the 1864 United States presidential election. The 1860 election was the first of six consecutive Republican victories. Despite Lincoln's commanding victory, this was the first election in American history in which the winner had failed to win his home county, with Lincoln narrowly losing Sangamon County, Illinois to Douglas.
Lincoln won the Electoral College with less than 40 percent of the popular vote nationwide by carrying states above the Mason–Dixon line and north of the Ohio River, plus the states of California and Oregon in the Far West. Unlike every preceding president-elect, Lincoln did not carry even one slave state; he instead carried all eighteen free states exclusively. There were no ballots distributed for Lincoln in ten of the Southern states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. There was a ballot in Virginia. This withheld 61 potential electoral votes from Lincoln, a fifth of what was the total 303 available to the other candidates. In a similar divide between North and South electors, Breckenridge carried nine of the ten states that withheld Lincoln from the ballot, the exception being Tennessee.
Lincoln won the 1860 election by November 1860. Then, the South left the Union. Lincoln's victory and imminent inauguration as president was the immediate cause for declarations of secession by seven Southern states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) from December 20, 1860 to February 1, 1861. They then formed the Confederate States of America. On February 9, 1861, Jefferson Davis was elected president of the Confederacy. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina once voted against secession. They would later be part of the Confederacy. Missouri voted against secession too and stayed in the Union.
Another bloc of Southerners resented Northern criticism of slavery and restrictions on slavery but opposed secession as dangerous and unnecessary. However, the "conditional Unionists" also hoped that when faced with secession, Northerners would stifle anti-slavery rhetoric and accept pro-slavery rules for the territories. It was that group that prevented immediate secession in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. He took no action against the secessionists in the seven "Confederate" states but also declared that secession had no legal validity and refused to surrender federal property in those states. (He also reiterated his opposition to slavery anywhere in the territories.) Preparing to form an army, on March 6, 1861, Jefferson Davis called for 100,000 volunteers to serve for twelve months. The political standoff continued until mid-April, when Davis ordered Confederate troops to bombard and capture Fort Sumter.
Lincoln then called for troops to put down rebellion, which wiped out the possibility that the crisis could be resolved by compromise. Nearly all "conditional Unionists" joined the secessionists, including for example presidential candidate John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party, whose home state of Tennessee was the last to secede. The Virginia convention and the reconvened Arkansas convention both declared secession, as did the legislatures of Tennessee and North Carolina; all four states joined the Confederacy. Missouri stayed in the United States but had an unrecognized dual government.
After the Civil War begun, Douglas then threw his support behind Lincoln and undertook a tour to bolster support for the Union, making visits to Virginia, Ohio, and Illinois. Douglas declared "There are no neutrals, only patriots and traitors". However, three months after Lincoln's inauguration, Douglas contracted typhoid fever and died in Chicago on June 3, 1861. By April of 1861, President Abraham Lincoln experienced the greatest political crisis of his life which was the American Civil War. Abraham Lincoln knew of the stakes, and his surprising contributions to the Union in its victory included stories that no movie can capture. The future Union victory against the Confederate enemy was one of the greatest blessings in American history. The war started after the Confederacy used an illegal, unjust attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina in April 1861. As time went onward, President Abraham Lincoln would be a more compassionate progressive man in 1865 than in 1860 indeed.
The 67th Annual Grammy Awards has taken onward on a solemn and inspirational tone in the midst of the wildfires of Southern California and other natural disasters in North Carolina, etc. The award ceremony took place at the Cypto.com Arena in Los Angeles, California. The Grammys honored the recordings, compositions, and artists from September 16, 2023, to August 30, 2024. The winners are chosen by the member of the Recording Academy by February 2, 2025. CBS and Paramount+ hosted the broadcast. The South African comedian Trevor Noah hosted the ceremony for the fifth consecutive time. No new categories were introduced for the first time in four years. In an urgent letter to the 12,000 voting members of the Recording Academy, chief executive officer (CEO) Harvey Mason Jr. urged them to cast their votes with "purpose, intention, and integrity" and without "bias, grudge-holding, or careless voting." In a joint statement, Mason Jr. and Tammy Hurt, the chair of the Recording Academy's board of trustees, confirmed that the ceremony would proceed as planned "in close coordination with local authorities to ensure public safety and responsible use of area resources." This edition, however, carried a "renewed sense of purpose: raising additional funds to support wildfire relief efforts and honoring the bravery and dedication of first responders who risk their lives to protect ours."
During the broadcast, some commercial airtime was donated to help small businesses affected by the wildfires. Host Trevor Noah announced this initiative, and special guests appeared in the commercials. Featured businesses included Orla Floral Studio of Altadena with an appearance by Doja Cat, Two Dragons Martial Arts of Altadena with an appearance by Charlie Puth, Rhythms Of The Village of Altadena with an appearance by Anderson .Paak, Paliskates Skate Shop in Pacific Palisades with an appearance by Avril Lavigne, and the L.A. Lost Stuffy Project with an appearance by the Jonas Brothers. Additionally, high school choir students from Pasadena Waldorf School in Altadena and Palisades Charter High School in the Pacific Palisades, both of which were damaged in the wildfires, sang backup vocals during the Stevie Wonder and Herbie Hancock performance of "We Are The World." There were many award changes too during the Grammys in 2025. For example, Best Pop Dance Recording was renamed to Best Dance Pop Recording.
Best Dance/Electronic Music Album was renamed to Best Dance/Electronic Album. Best Song for Social Change, a Special Merit Award, was renamed to the Harry Belafonte Best Song for Social Change Award. It will now be recognized as a CEO's Merit Award, with the finalists and recipients selected annually by a committee composed of a community of peers dedicated to "artistic expression, the craft of songwriting, and the power of songs to affect social change." The premiere ceremony took place on January 29, 2025 with performers like Muni Long, Yolanda Adams, Deborah Cox, Scott Hoying, Angelique Kidjo, Taj Mahal, Joe Bonamassa, Bela Flack, Joyce DiDonato, Renee Fleming, Kelli O'Hara, and Kevin Puts.
When the 67th Annual Grammy Awards started, there was a tribute to Los Angeles with the famous song of "I Love L.A." which was performed by Dawes, John Legend, Sheryl Crow, Brad Paisley, Brittany Howard, and St. Vincent. There was the song Birds of a Feather shown by Billie Eilish and Finneas O'Connell. Sabrina Carpenter shown the songs of Esperesso and Please Please Please. Chappel Roan shown the song of Pink Pony Club, Khruangbin expressed the song of May Ninth. Music was expressed by Benson Boone, Doechii, DJ Miss Milan, Teddy Swims, Shaboozey, and Raye. California Dreamin' was shown by Bruno Mars and Lady gaga in a tribute to Los Angeles. The Weekend and Playboi Carti shown the songs of Cry for Me and Timeless. A tribute to Quincy Jones was done by Herbie Hancock, Cynthia Erivo, Lainey Wilson, Jacob Collier, Stevie Wonder, and Janelle Monáe. They sang the songs produced by Quincy Jones which are Killer Joe, Fly Me to the Moon, Let the Good Times Roll, Bluesette, We Are the World, and Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough (performed by of course by Janelle Monae). Additionally, the music video for "Abracadabra" by Lady Gaga premiered during a commercial break in the broadcast.
Kendrick Lamar's "Not Like Us" swept all five of its nominations, which included Record of the Year and Song of the Year, making it the most decorated song in Grammy Awards history. He became the second rap artist to win both awards, after Childish Gambino in 2019. Beyoncé received the most nominations at the ceremony with eleven and won three awards, which included Album of the Year and Best Country Album for Cowboy Carter. She became the first Black artist to win Best Country Album and the first Black woman to win Album of the Year since Lauryn Hill in 1999. Beyonce was shocked and surprised to win Album of the Year and County Music Album of the Year. Chappell Roan took home Best New Artist, and Sierra Ferrell swept the American roots categories, winning all four of her nominations Best New Artist nominee Doechii won Best Rap Album for Alligator Bites Never Heal, becoming the third woman to win this award, after Hill (with the Fugees) in 1997 and Cardi B in 2019. Other three-time winners included Charli XCX and St. Vincent. Other artists that led nominations included Charli XCX and Post Malone with eight each, and Kendrick Lamar and Billie Eilish with seven each. Dan Nigro won Producer of the Year, Non-Classical. Amy Allen won Songwriter of the Year, Non-Classical. The Best Pop Solo Performance award was song by Sabrina Carpenter for the song Esperesso. Best Rock Performance was sent to The Beatles for Now and Then. Broken Man was called Best Rock Song done by Annie Clark. The Best Rock Album was Hackney Diamonds made by the Roling Stones. Made for Me by Muni Long was awarded Best R&B Performance from Live on BET. Best Traditional R&B Performance was done by Lucky Daye for his song of That's You. AverySunshine won the Best Progressive R&B Album for So Glad to Know You. Saturn won Best R&B song with Rob Bisel, Cian Ducrot, Carter Lang, Solana Rowe, Jared Solomon, Scott Zhang, and SZA. Chris Brown won Best R&B Album for 11:11 Deluxe. Best Melodic Rap Performance was won by Rapsody and Erykah Badu for the song 3:AM. CeCe Winans won Best Gospel Album for More Than This.
Margaret Taylor-Burroughs' later years was filled with power and inspiration. Margaret and her husband Charles co-founded what is now the DuSable Museum of African American History in Chicago in 1961. The institution was originally known as the Ebony Museum of Negro History and Art and made its debut in the living room of their house at 3806 S. Michigan Avenue in the Bronzeville neighborhood on Chicago's south side, and Taylor-Burroughs served as its first Executive Director. She was proud of the institution's grass-roots beginnings: "We're the only one that grew out of the Indigenous Black community. We weren't started by anybody downtown; we were started by ordinary folks." Burroughs served as executive director until she retired in 1985 and was then named director emeritus, remaining active in the museum's operations and fundraising efforts. The museum moved to its current location at 740 E. 56th Place in Washington Park in 1973, and today is the oldest museum of Black culture in the United States. Both the current museum building, and the Burroughs' S. Michigan Avenue home are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the house is a designated Chicago landmark. Burroughs was inspired by Harriet Tubman, Gerard L. Lew, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and W.E.B. Du Bois. In Eugene Feldman's The Birth and Building of the DuSable Museum, Feldman writes about the influence Du Bois had on Burroughs' life. He believes that Burroughs greatly admired Du Bois and writes that she campaigned to bring him to Chicago to lecture to audiences. Feldman wrote: "If we read about 'cannabalistic and primitive Africa,'… it is a deliberate effort to put down a whole people and Dr. Du Bois fought this… Dr. Burroughs saw Dr. Du Bois and what he stood for and how he suffered himself to attain exposure of his views. She identified entirely with this important effort." Therefore, Burroughs clearly believed in Dr. Du Bois and the power of his message. The DuSable Black History Museum and Education Center has inspired future artists for generations.
This year is the 50th year anniversary of the groundbreaking show of The Jefferson. It lasted from January 18, 1975, to July 2, 1985. Its 11 seasons tackled many controversial topics and was one of the longest running sitcoms in history. It was created by Don Nicholl, Michael Ross, and Bernie West. It was developed by Norman Lear, who was a progressive activist who lived for 101 years. The Jefferson focused on a black American family who moved into another neighborhood being upper middle class whose stars were plenty. The actors and actresses of the show are Isabel Sanford, Sherman Hemsley, Marla Gibbs, Roxie Roker, Franklin Cover, Paul Benedict, Mike Events, Berlinda Tolbert, Zara Cully, Damon Evans, Jay Hammer, and other people. The show is so popular that it is still shown all over the world in syndication to this very day. It was shown in CBS. The characters of George and Louise Jefferson moved from Queens to Manhattan to develop George's dry-cleaning chain, Jefferson Cleaners. The Jeffersons were shown on All in the Family too. The Jeffersons was politically incorrect and dealt with issues decades ahead of its time like alcoholism, racism, suicide, gun control, transgender issues, the Klan, adult illiteracy, sexism, etc. Many racial epithets were used. Even The Jefferson ended in controversy by the actors and actresses not knowing that the show ended, except by news reports (which was offensive). Sherman Hemsley and Isabel Sanford were legends of acting and theater long before 1970s. They had an acting chemistry that was powerful and unique. As time went on in the show, the character of George Jefferson learned lessons about the nuisance of life, he constantly confronted racism, and he developed friendships with his neighbors (who are Tom and Helen Willis. They portrayed an interracial couple). Marla Gibbs played Florence Johnston who used humor and wit to combat George Jefferson's character's words. Paul Benedict played Harry Bentley, the kind and loyal eccentric British next-door neighbor, who worked as an interpreter at the United Nations. George Jefferson's mother was played by Zara Cully (who was Olivia Jefferson). The Jeffersons taught us that we can go from different places in life, but it is always important to maintain your core legitimate principles, stand up for yourself, and never be ashamed of being what you are. The Jeffersons gave another diverse picture of black life that wasn't shown readily before the 1970s, and it inspired future shows that outline the greatness of black people.
By Timothy
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